Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.
Biomed Res Int. 2020 Jul 23;2020:4141370. doi: 10.1155/2020/4141370. eCollection 2020.
Smoking invariably has health, social, economic, and environmental consequences in Ethiopia. Reducing and quitting cigarette smoking improves individual health and increases available household funds for food, education, and better economic productivity. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing cigarette smoking intensity and associated factors among male smokers in Ethiopia.
The data were extracted from the 2016 national cross-sectional Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Our study used data from the standardized and adapted men's questionnaire. The study included a total of 391 (weighted) smokers who at least smoked one manufactured cigarette per day. The data were collected using a two-stage cluster design which includes selection of enumeration areas and then selection of households. The number of manufactured cigarettes smokers smoked per day was used to measure smoking intensity. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study findings. Bivariable and multivariable truncated negative binomial Poisson regression models were employed to determine smoking intensity.
The finding showed that on average men smoked weighted nine cigarettes per day. One in every five of the smokers (21.2%) smoked 10 cigarettes per day. Smokers living in rural areas (IRR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.244, 0.756), currently married (IRR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.91), formerly married (IRR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.96), richer men (IRR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.90), and richest men (IRR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.87) were associated with lower smoking intensity. Smokers in the Somali (IRR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.29, 6.11), Harari (IRR = 3.46, 95% CI: 1.14, 10.51), and Dire Dawa (IRR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.23, 7.80) regions; older age (IRR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.40); affiliated with Protestant religion (IRR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.92); poorer men (IRR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.27); watched television (IRR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.35); drunk alcohol (IRR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.82); and completed primary (IRR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 0.317) and higher education (IRR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.88, 4.67) were positively associated with smoking intensity.
Male smokers in Ethiopia smoked intensively with an average of nine manufactured cigarettes per day. Tobacco control interventions should target the following: Eastern Ethiopia regions, older aged, affiliated with Protestant religion, poorer men, watched television, drunk alcohol, and primary and higher educational level.
吸烟在埃塞俄比亚始终会对健康、社会、经济和环境造成影响。减少和戒烟可以改善个人健康，并增加家庭可用于食品、教育和更好的经济生产力的资金。因此，本研究旨在评估埃塞俄比亚男性吸烟者的吸烟强度及其相关因素。
数据来自 2016 年埃塞俄比亚全国人口与健康横断面调查。我们的研究使用了标准化和适应的男性问卷数据。研究包括总共 391 名（加权）吸烟者，他们每天至少吸食一支制造的香烟。数据采用两阶段聚类设计收集，包括选择普查区和选择家庭。吸烟者每天吸食的制造香烟数量用于衡量吸烟强度。描述性统计用于总结研究结果。采用双变量和多变量截断负二项泊松回归模型确定吸烟强度。
研究结果显示，男性平均每天吸食九支香烟。每五个吸烟者中就有一个（21.2%）每天吸食 10 支香烟。居住在农村地区的吸烟者（IRR=0.43，95%CI：0.244，0.756）、已婚（IRR=0.64，95%CI：0.46，0.91）、以前已婚（IRR=0.54，95%CI：0.30，0.96）、较富裕的男性（IRR=0.63，95%CI：0.43，0.90）和最富裕的男性（IRR=0.49，95%CI：0.28，0.87）与较低的吸烟强度相关。在索马里（IRR=2.80，95%CI：1.29，6.11）、哈拉里（IRR=3.46，95%CI：1.14，10.51）和 Dire Dawa（IRR=3.09，95%CI：1.23，7.80）地区的吸烟者；年龄较大（IRR=1.77，95%CI：1.31，2.40）；信奉新教（IRR=1.81，95%CI：1.12，2.92）；较贫穷的男性（IRR=1.64，95%CI：1.19，2.27）；看电视（IRR=1.18，95%CI：1.04，1.35）；饮酒（IRR=1.37，95%CI：1.03，1.82）；完成小学（IRR=1.15，95%CI：1.01，0.317）和高等教育（IRR=2.96，95%CI：1.88，4.67）的男性与吸烟强度呈正相关。
埃塞俄比亚男性吸烟者每天平均吸食九支制造香烟，吸烟强度较高。烟草控制干预应针对以下人群：东部埃塞俄比亚地区、年龄较大、信奉新教、较贫穷的男性、看电视、饮酒以及接受小学和高等教育。
