School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India.
J Travel Med. 2020 Dec 23;27(8). doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa130.
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has spread worldwide via international travel. This study traced its diffusion from the global to national level and identified a few superspreaders that played a central role in the transmission of this disease in India.
We used the travel history of infected patients from 30 January to 6 April 6 2020 as the primary data source. A total of 1386 cases were assessed, of which 373 were international and 1013 were national contacts. The networks were generated in Gephi software (version 0.9.2).
The maximum numbers of connections were established from Dubai (degree 144) and the UK (degree 64). Dubai's eigenvector centrality was the highest that made it the most influential node. The statistical metrics calculated from the data revealed that Dubai and the UK played a crucial role in spreading the disease in Indian states and were the primary sources of COVID-19 importations into India. Based on the modularity class, different clusters were shown to form across Indian states, which demonstrated the formation of a multi-layered social network structure. A significant increase in confirmed cases was reported in states like Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Andhra Pradesh during the first phase of the nationwide lockdown, which spanned from 25 March to 14 April 2020. This was primarily attributed to a gathering at the Delhi Religious Conference known as Tabliqui Jamaat.
COVID-19 got induced into Indian states mainly due to International travels with the very first patient travelling from Wuhan, China. Subsequently, the contacts of positive cases were located, and a significant spread was identified in states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka. The COVID-19's spread in phase one was traced using the travelling history of the patients, and it was found that most of the transmissions were local.
冠状病毒大流行（COVID-19）通过国际旅行在全球范围内传播。本研究追踪了其从全球到国家层面的扩散，并确定了一些超级传播者，他们在印度疾病传播中发挥了核心作用。
我们使用了 2020 年 1 月 30 日至 4 月 6 日期间受感染患者的旅行史作为主要数据源。共评估了 1386 例病例，其中 373 例为国际病例，1013 例为国内接触者。网络是在 Gephi 软件（版本 0.9.2）中生成的。
与迪拜（度 144）和英国（度 64）建立了最多的连接。迪拜的特征向量中心度最高，使其成为最具影响力的节点。从数据中计算出的统计指标表明，迪拜和英国在印度各州传播疾病方面发挥了关键作用，是 COVID-19 输入印度的主要来源。基于模块类别，显示印度各州之间形成了不同的簇，这表明形成了一个多层次的社交网络结构。在 2020 年 3 月 25 日至 4 月 14 日全国封锁的第一阶段，泰米尔纳德邦、德里和安得拉邦等邦报告了确诊病例的显著增加，这主要归因于德里宗教会议 Tabliqui Jamaat 的一次集会。
COVID-19 主要是由于国际旅行而传入印度各州的，最初的患者是从中国武汉旅行而来。随后，确定了阳性病例的接触者，并在古吉拉特邦、拉贾斯坦邦、马哈拉施特拉邦、喀拉拉邦和卡纳塔克邦等地发现了明显的传播。通过患者的旅行史追踪 COVID-19 在第一阶段的传播，发现大多数传播都是本地的。
