Mason Billy, McKune Andrew, Pumpa Kate, Ball Nick
Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.
University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.
Sports Med. 2020 Nov;50(11):1943-1962. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01329-1.
The use of exercise as a priming strategy to enhance sport performance is becoming increasingly popular in professional sports and as an area of research interest. Early research suggests that the acute physiological responses to exercise can positively influence performance for up to 48 h. There is yet to be a comprehensive review of exercise strategies which could be implemented specifically on the day of competition.
The aim of this systematic review was to provide a synthesis of research investigating acute exercise interventions as game day priming strategies for team-sport athletes to improve physical performance and athlete readiness when implemented in the 1-12 h prior to competition.
A literature search of SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials was conducted. A total of 6428 studies were retrieved and assessed against the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomised controlled trials and non-randomised comparative studies with reported pre-post intervention outcomes; (2) exercise interventions were applied 1-12 h prior to the assessment of outcome measures. Studies were excluded if they used nutrition, supplementation, pre-heating, pre-cooling, stretching, massage or vibration training as the priming strategies, or if interventions were performed at altitude or in hypoxic environments. Studies were assessed for methodological quality at the study level using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale.
Twenty-nine studies satisfied the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Studies were categorised as resistance training; cycling; running; and other strategies. Resistance training using heavy loads at low volumes increased strength and power measures following a 4-6 h recovery, with limited improvements observed following shorter (1-3 h) and longer (6-12 h) recovery periods. Running-based sprint priming led to improvements in subsequent sprint and repeat sprint performance following a 5-6 h recovery, whereas cycling improved counter-movement jump height in a single study only. No significant differences were reported in any performance measures following endurance-based running or cycling strategies. Physiological markers, such a hormone and blood lactate responses, showed mixed results between studies.
High-intensity low-volume resistance training leads to a greater physiological and performance response than high-volume resistance training. Maximal running sprints may be more effective than maximal cycling sprints due to an increased physiological demand; however, loading protocols must also be considered in conjunction with exercise volume and movement specificity to achieve a beneficial response for subsequent performance. There is limited evidence to suggest endurance cycling or running exercise is beneficial as a priming strategy.
将运动作为一种启动策略以提高运动表现，在职业体育界和研究领域正变得越来越流行。早期研究表明，运动引起的急性生理反应可对运动表现产生长达48小时的积极影响。然而，对于可在比赛当天专门实施的运动策略，尚未有全面的综述。
本系统综述的目的是综合研究急性运动干预作为团队运动运动员比赛日启动策略的效果，即在比赛前1 - 12小时实施时，对提高身体表现和运动员准备状态的影响。
在SPORTDiscus、PubMed和Cochrane对照试验中央注册库进行文献检索。共检索到6428项研究，并根据以下纳入标准进行评估：（1）报告了干预前后结果的随机对照试验和非随机对照研究；（2）运动干预在评估结果指标前1 - 12小时进行。如果研究使用营养、补充剂、预热、预冷、拉伸、按摩或振动训练作为启动策略，或者干预在高原或低氧环境中进行，则排除这些研究。使用物理治疗证据数据库（PEDro）量表在研究层面评估研究的方法学质量。
29项研究符合纳入标准并被纳入本综述。研究分为阻力训练、骑行、跑步和其他策略。低容量重负荷阻力训练在恢复4 - 6小时后可提高力量和功率指标，在较短（1 - 3小时）和较长（6 - 12小时）恢复期后观察到的改善有限。基于跑步的冲刺启动在恢复5 - 6小时后可提高后续冲刺和重复冲刺表现，而骑行仅在一项研究中提高了反向纵跳高度。基于耐力的跑步或骑行策略后，在任何表现指标上均未报告有显著差异。生理指标，如激素和血乳酸反应，在各研究间结果不一。
高强度低容量阻力训练比高容量阻力训练能引起更大的生理和表现反应。由于生理需求增加，最大强度跑步冲刺可能比最大强度骑行冲刺更有效；然而，负荷方案还必须结合运动量和动作特异性来考虑，以对后续表现产生有益反应。仅有有限证据表明耐力骑行或跑步运动作为启动策略有益。
