Surgical treatment for heart failure: cell-based therapy with engineered tissue.

This review will outline cell-based therapy for heart failure focusing on tissue engineering to deliver cells to the damaged heart. We will present an overview of the central approaches focusing on pluripotent stem cell-derived cells, mechanisms of action, autologous . allogeneic cell approaches, immunologic modulation, and safety considerations. We will outline the progress that has been made to-date and define the areas that still need to be investigated in order to advance the field.