Gupta Parakriti, Singh Mini P, Goyal Kapil
Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
Front Public Health. 2020 Jul 24;8:326. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00326. eCollection 2020.
Human microbiota plays an indispensable role in physiology, nutrition and most significantly, in imparting immunity. The role of microbiota has remained cryptic for years, until recently meticulous studies revealed the interaction and dynamics of these microbial communities. This diversified state is governed by hormonal, behavioral and physio-chemical changes in the genital tract. Many inclusive studies have revealed "" to be the most dominant member of vaginal flora in most of the healthy, reproductive age group and pregnant females. A total of five community state types have been described, out of which four are dominated by while the fifth one by facultative or strict anaerobic species. A variation between species stability and gestational age has also been revealed. Studies have divulged a significant higher stability of vaginal microbiota in early stages of pregnancy and the same increased subsequently. Inter-species and racial variation has shown women belonging to White, Asian, and Caucasian race to harbor more of the anaerobic flora. The vaginal microbiome in pregnancy play a significant role in preterm and spontaneous labor. This -rich microbiome falls tremendously, becoming more diverse in post-partum period. Apart from these known bacterial communities in human vagina, other microbial communities have also been traced. The major fragment is constituted by vaginal viral virome and very little information exists in relation to vaginal mycobiome. Studies have revealed the abundance of ds DNA viruses in vaginal microbiome, followed by ssDNA, and few unidentified viruses. The eukaryotic viruses detected were very few, with , and being the only pathogenic ones. This flora is transmitted to infants either via maternal gut, vagina or breast milk. Recent studies have given an insight for vaginal microbiome, dissociating the old concept of "healthy" and "diseased." However, more extensive studies are required to study evolution of virome and mycobiome in relation to their association with bacterial communities; to establish and decode full array of vaginal virome under the influence of genotypic and environmental factors, using novel bioinformatic, multi-omic, statistical model, and CRISPR/Cas approaches.
人类微生物群在生理学、营养方面发挥着不可或缺的作用，最重要的是，在赋予免疫力方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。多年来，微生物群的作用一直不为人知，直到最近细致的研究揭示了这些微生物群落的相互作用和动态变化。这种多样化状态受生殖道中激素、行为和物理化学变化的控制。许多综合性研究表明，在大多数健康的育龄妇女和孕妇中，“ ”是阴道菌群中最主要的成员。总共描述了五种群落状态类型，其中四种以 为主导，而第五种以兼性或严格厌氧物种为主导。还揭示了物种稳定性与胎龄之间的差异。研究表明，妊娠早期阴道微生物群的稳定性显著更高，随后稳定性增加。种间和种族差异表明，白人、亚洲人和高加索人种的女性体内厌氧菌群更多。孕期阴道微生物群在早产和自然分娩中起重要作用。这种富含 的微生物群在产后大幅下降，变得更加多样化。除了人类阴道中这些已知的细菌群落外，还发现了其他微生物群落。主要部分由阴道病毒病毒组构成，而关于阴道真菌组的信息很少。研究表明，阴道微生物群中双链DNA病毒丰富，其次是单链DNA病毒，还有一些未鉴定的病毒。检测到的真核病毒很少，只有 和 是唯一的致病病毒。这种菌群通过母体肠道、阴道或母乳传播给婴儿。最近的研究对阴道微生物群有了新的认识，打破了“健康”和“患病”的旧观念。然而，需要更广泛的研究来研究病毒组和真菌组与其与细菌群落的关联的进化；利用新的生物信息学、多组学、统计模型和CRISPR/Cas方法，在基因型和环境因素的影响下建立并解码完整的阴道病毒组。
