Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2020 Aug 14;15(8):e0237562. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237562. eCollection 2020.
To understand better the total burden of interpersonal violence on society, it is useful to assess the prevalence of interpersonal violence among both, men and women. Exposure to multiple forms of interpersonal violence, referred to as polyvictimization, has been associated with more severe health consequences than exposure to any form separately. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual interpersonal violence in childhood, adulthood and at both childhood and adulthood among men and women in Estonia, analyze the patterns of interpersonal violence and socio-demographic correlates of polyvictimization in adulthood by gender.
The analysis was based on two population-based, cross-sectional, self-administered surveys carried out among men and women in Estonia in 2014. In both surveys, the NorVold Abuse questionnaire was used to measure exposure to interpersonal violence. Men and women aged 18-44 were included to the analysis.
Among men 66.6% and among women 54.2% had been exposed to at least one form of interpersonal violence during lifetime. Men had been more often exposed to isolated physical interpersonal violence, among women the distribution of different forms of interpersonal violence was more even and exposure to sexual violence was more common. The prevalence of polyvictimization in adulthood was two times higher among women compared to men and more socio-demographic correlates, were associated with it. Exposure to violence in childhood was associated with polyvictimization in adulthood across gender.
The prevalence of interpersonal violence in Estonia is high among men and women. The most prevalent forms and patterns of interpersonal violence, however, differ by gender, as do the socio-demographic correlates. Screening for interpersonal violence, in childhood and adulthood, and gender-specific interventions are needed, especially for high-risk groups identified in this study. Primary prevention of childhood violence should be a priority, as it was associated with higher risk for exposure to violence later in life across gender.
为了更好地了解人际暴力对社会的总负担，评估男性和女性中人际暴力的普遍程度很有用。与单独暴露于任何一种形式的人际暴力相比，暴露于多种形式的人际暴力（称为多受害者化）与更严重的健康后果相关。本研究的目的是评估爱沙尼亚男性和女性在童年、成年期以及童年和成年期同时遭受情感、身体和性人际暴力的发生率，分析人际暴力模式以及成年期多受害者化的社会人口学相关性。
该分析基于在爱沙尼亚 2014 年进行的两项基于人群的横断面自我管理调查，在这两项调查中，均使用 NorVold 虐待问卷来衡量人际暴力的暴露情况。纳入了年龄在 18-44 岁之间的男性和女性进行分析。
男性中有 66.6%，女性中有 54.2%在一生中至少经历过一种形式的人际暴力。男性更常遭受孤立的身体人际暴力，而女性的不同形式的人际暴力分布更为均匀，且性暴力的发生率更高。与男性相比，女性成年期多受害者化的发生率高出两倍，并且与更多的社会人口学相关性相关。童年时期的暴力暴露与成年期的多受害者化有关。
爱沙尼亚男性和女性的人际暴力发生率很高。然而，最常见的人际暴力形式和模式因性别而异，与性别相关的社会人口学相关性也不同。需要针对成年期和儿童期进行人际暴力筛查，并实施性别特异性干预措施，尤其是针对本研究中确定的高风险群体。应优先考虑儿童期暴力的一级预防，因为它与成年期以后的暴力暴露风险增加有关。
