Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
Department of Urology and Andrology, General Hospital Hall in Tirol, Tirol, Austria.
J Endourol. 2021 Jan;35(1):1-7. doi: 10.1089/end.2020.0378. Epub 2020 Sep 9.
With a rise in the incidence of stone disease, more research is needed to understand the lifestyle factors associated with it. We evaluate available evidence for association of smoking, alcohol, and exercise with kidney stone disease (KSD). A systematic literature search was conducted in CINAHL, EMBASE, Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar. Different keywords were "smoking," "cigarette," "alcohol," "spirits," "exercise," "physical activity," "training," "kidney stone," "stone disease," "nephrolithiasis," "urolithiasis," "renal stone," and "urinary stone." The main outcome of interest was the role of smoking, alcohol, and exercise in the development of KSD. A total of 4921 articles were found on searching the databases, of which 14 met the criteria for inclusion in the final review. Studies assessed the following risk factors, physical activity ( = 6), alcohol ( = 6), and smoking ( = 9), and included 17,511 patients. The relationship of physical activity with KSD appears to be equivocal. In addition, only one study demonstrated a decreased risk of nephrolithiasis with alcohol consumption. On the contrary, four studies found a significant association between smoking and renal stone formation. While smoking is one behavioral factor that seems to have some association with KSD, no clear effect of alcohol and physical activity has been demonstrated. To avoid KSD, awareness of the possible detrimental role of smoking should be considered and patients should remain vigilant about the importance of hydration with physical activity. While this represents the most appropriate guidance from the evidence available, at present there remain insufficient data to truly reveal the relationship between these three factors and KSD.
随着结石病发病率的上升，需要更多的研究来了解与之相关的生活方式因素。我们评估了吸烟、饮酒和运动与肾结石病（KSD）之间关联的现有证据。系统检索了 CINAHL、EMBASE、Ovid Medline、Cochrane 图书馆、Scopus、Clinicaltrials.gov 和 Google Scholar 中的文献。使用了不同的关键词，如“吸烟”、“香烟”、“酒精”、“烈酒”、“运动”、“体力活动”、“训练”、“肾结石”、“结石病”、“肾石病”、“尿石病”。主要观察结果是吸烟、饮酒和运动在 KSD 发展中的作用。通过数据库检索共发现 4921 篇文章，其中有 14 篇符合纳入最终综述的标准。这些研究评估了以下风险因素：体力活动（ = 6）、酒精（ = 6）和吸烟（ = 9），并纳入了 17511 名患者。体力活动与 KSD 的关系似乎存在争议。此外，只有一项研究表明饮酒可降低肾石病的风险。相反，有四项研究发现吸烟与肾结石形成之间存在显著关联。虽然吸烟是与 KSD 有一定关联的行为因素之一，但饮酒和体力活动的影响尚不清楚。为了预防 KSD，应该意识到吸烟可能产生的有害作用，患者应该注意在体力活动时保持充足的水分摄入。尽管这代表了现有证据的最佳指导，但目前仍缺乏足够的数据来真正揭示这三个因素与 KSD 之间的关系。
