Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54700, Pakistan.
Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Aug 14;17(16):5904. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165904.
Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan's Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for COVID-19 infection and may lead to death. Scientist and government agencies around the globe are putting forward their best efforts and resources for the effective treatment of human coronavirus infections; however, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of human coronaviruses (HCoV) infections such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), and COVID-19. Since the outbreak, a plethora of research and review articles have been published. Moreover, the mass media has bombarded the public with conflicting opinions about the pandemic. There is a dire need for accurate and reliable information concerning this pandemic. In this review, we have compiled the up to date information about the origins, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, very few reports have addressed the clinical features and current status of treatment for COVID-19; we have adequately addressed these topics in detail in this review. Finally, a detailed account of clinical trials of vaccines and other therapeutics currently in progress has been delineated.
目前，一场全球公共卫生关注的大流行病时代正在进行，这是由严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 型（SARS-CoV-2）引起的 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）。COVID-19 的首例病例于 2019 年 12 月下旬在中国武汉华南海鲜市场报告。蝙蝠、穿山甲和蛇已被提名作为该病毒的重要载体。由于其高致病性，它可引起严重的呼吸道感染。发烧、干咳、喉咙痛、肺炎、败血性休克和磨玻璃样混浊是 COVID-19 的首要临床表现。免疫功能低下的患者感染 COVID-19 的风险较高，可能导致死亡。全球的科学家和政府机构都在为人类冠状病毒感染的有效治疗方法而努力，投入最佳资源；然而，既没有疫苗也没有抗病毒药物可用于治疗人类冠状病毒（HCoV）感染，如 SARS（严重急性呼吸综合征）、MERS（中东呼吸综合征）和 COVID-19。自疫情爆发以来，已经发表了大量的研究和评论文章。此外，大众媒体充斥着有关该大流行的相互矛盾的观点。人们非常需要有关这种大流行的准确和可靠的信息。在这篇综述中，我们汇集了有关该疾病起源、进化、流行病学和发病机制的最新信息。此外，很少有报告涉及 COVID-19 的临床特征和当前治疗状况；我们在这篇综述中详细地充分讨论了这些主题。最后，详细描述了目前正在进行的疫苗和其他疗法的临床试验。
