vonHedemann Nicolena, Wurtzebach Zachary, Timberlake Thomas J, Sinkular Emily, Schultz Courtney A
Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1401 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Center for Large Landscape Conservation, Bozeman, MT, USA.
Interface Focus. 2020 Oct 6;10(5):20200001. doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0001. Epub 2020 Aug 14.
Forests increasingly will be used for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) as a natural climate solution, and the implementation of forest-based CDR presents a complex public policy challenge. In this paper, our goal is to review a range of policy tools in place to support use of forests for CDR and demonstrate how concepts from the policy design literature can inform our understanding of this domain. We explore how the utilization of different policy tools shapes our ability to use forests to mitigate and adapt to climate change and consider the challenges of policy mixes and integration, taking a close look at three areas of international forest policy, including the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and voluntary carbon offset markets. As it is our expertise, we then examine in detail the case of the USA as a country that lacks aggressive implementation of national climate policies but has potential to increase CDR through reforestation and existing forest management on both public and private land. For forest-based CDR to succeed, a wide array of policy tools will have to be implemented in a variety of contexts with an eye towards overcoming the challenges of policy design with regard to uncertainty in policy outcomes, policy coherence around managing forests for carbon simultaneously with other goals and integration across governance contexts and levels.
森林将越来越多地被用作一种自然气候解决方案来去除二氧化碳（CDR），而基于森林的CDR实施带来了复杂的公共政策挑战。在本文中，我们的目标是回顾一系列现有的政策工具，以支持利用森林进行CDR，并展示政策设计文献中的概念如何增进我们对这一领域的理解。我们探讨不同政策工具的利用如何塑造我们利用森林缓解和适应气候变化的能力，并考虑政策组合与整合的挑战，仔细研究国际森林政策的三个领域，包括《京都议定书》的清洁发展机制、减少毁林和森林退化所致排放（REDD+）以及自愿碳抵消市场。鉴于这是我们的专长，我们随后详细考察美国的情况，美国缺乏积极实施国家气候政策，但有潜力通过在公共和私人土地上进行重新造林和现有森林管理来增加CDR。为使基于森林的CDR取得成功，必须在各种背景下实施一系列政策工具，着眼于克服政策设计在政策结果不确定性、围绕同时为碳管理森林和其他目标的政策一致性以及跨治理背景和层面的整合方面的挑战。
