Shirazi Jasmine, Donzanti Michael J, Nelson Katherine M, Zurakowski Ryan, Fromen Catherine A, Gleghorn Jason P
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
Cell Mol Bioeng. 2020 Jul 27;13(4):259-284. doi: 10.1007/s12195-020-00637-w. eCollection 2020 Aug.
COVID-19 is a disease that manifests itself in a multitude of ways across a wide range of tissues. Many factors are involved, and though impressive strides have been made in studying this novel disease in a very short time, there is still a great deal that is unknown about how the virus functions. Clinical data has been crucial for providing information on COVID-19 progression and determining risk factors. However, the mechanisms leading to the multi-tissue pathology are yet to be fully established. Although insights from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV have been valuable, it is clear that SARS-CoV-2 is different and merits its own extensive studies. In this review, we highlight unresolved questions surrounding this virus including the temporal immune dynamics, infection of non-pulmonary tissue, early life exposure, and the role of circadian rhythms. Risk factors such as sex and exposure to pollutants are also explored followed by a discussion of ways in which bioengineering approaches can be employed to help understand COVID-19. The use of sophisticated models can be employed to interrogate intercellular interactions and also to tease apart effects of the virus itself from the resulting immune response. Additionally, spatiotemporal information can be gleaned from these models to learn more about the dynamics of the virus and COVID-19 progression. Application of advanced tissue and organ system models into COVID-19 research can result in more nuanced insight into the mechanisms underlying this condition and elucidate strategies to combat its effects.
新冠病毒病是一种在多种组织中以多种方式表现出来的疾病。其中涉及许多因素，尽管在短时间内对这种新型疾病的研究取得了令人瞩目的进展，但关于该病毒的功能仍有很多未知之处。临床数据对于提供有关新冠病毒病进展的信息和确定风险因素至关重要。然而，导致多组织病理的机制尚未完全明确。尽管严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒1（SARS-CoV-1）和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）的相关见解很有价值，但很明显，严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）有所不同，值得进行深入研究。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了围绕该病毒尚未解决的问题，包括免疫的时间动态、非肺组织感染、早期生活暴露以及昼夜节律的作用。我们还探讨了性别和接触污染物等风险因素，随后讨论了如何利用生物工程方法来帮助理解新冠病毒病。可以使用复杂的模型来研究细胞间相互作用，并区分病毒本身的影响和由此产生的免疫反应的影响。此外，可以从这些模型中收集时空信息，以更多地了解病毒动态和新冠病毒病的进展。将先进的组织和器官系统模型应用于新冠病毒病研究，可以更细致入微地洞察这种疾病的潜在机制，并阐明对抗其影响的策略。
