de Barros Luiz Daniel, Garcia João Luis, Bresciani Katia Denise Saraiva, Cardim Sérgio Tosi, Storte Victor Sesnik, Headley Selwyn Arlington
Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
School of Veterinary Medicine Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil.
Front Vet Sci. 2020 Aug 11;7:455. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00455. eCollection 2020.
Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are diseases with worldwide distribution that are associated with reproductive problems in livestock and responsible for economic losses. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge relative to these diseases in water buffalo (). In general, buffalo are considered resistant to clinical toxoplasmosis because there are studies only reporting serological evidence of natural infection in these animals. Studies have described age, poor hygienic status of the farm, and presence of cats as risk factors for the development of infection in buffalo. It must be highlighted that buffalo meat, which does not receive adequate freezing treatment, could be a potential source for toxoplasmic human infection as well as the importance of raw buffalo milk in the transmission of toxoplasmosis to human beings. is considered one of the major causes of abortion and responsible for huge economic losses in cattle. Vertical transmission is the main route to infect calves, and is responsible for maintaining the parasite within a herd. In buffalo, vertical transmission is also described; moreover, although there are indications that may be associated with abortion in dairy buffalo, the reproductive importance of neosporosis is apparently lower in buffalo relative to cattle. Most studies have identified a higher time of exposition to oocysts relative to age. The household system was also described as a risk factor for infection, possibly due to persistent contact between the home-raised buffalo and canids. The fetal immune competence of buffalo is similar to bovine, and buffalo fetus are highly susceptible to infection during the first trimester of pregnancy, indicating that may be an abortigenic agent in buffaloes. Alternatively, it is interesting to note there is evidence that the inflammatory response in pregnant buffalo infected with is mild enough to avoid abortion in most cases. It is proposed that the possible transmission of toxoplasmosis through unprocessed milk and buffalo meat may occur, which is important in terms of public health. Additionally, there is strong evidence to suggest that may be associated with abortion in buffalo.
弓形虫病和新孢子虫病是在全球范围内分布的疾病,与家畜的繁殖问题相关并造成经济损失。本综述概述了目前关于水牛中这些疾病的知识。一般来说,水牛被认为对临床弓形虫病具有抗性,因为仅有研究报告了这些动物自然感染的血清学证据。研究已将年龄、养殖场卫生状况差以及猫的存在描述为水牛感染发展的风险因素。必须强调的是,未经过充分冷冻处理的水牛肉可能是人类弓形虫感染的潜在来源,以及生水牛乳在弓形虫病传播给人类方面的重要性。新孢子虫病被认为是牛流产的主要原因之一,并给养牛业造成巨大经济损失。垂直传播是感染犊牛的主要途径,并负责在畜群中维持寄生虫。在水牛中也描述了垂直传播;此外,尽管有迹象表明新孢子虫病可能与奶水牛的流产有关,但相对于牛而言,新孢子虫病在水牛中的繁殖重要性显然较低。大多数研究已确定相对于年龄而言接触新孢子虫卵囊的时间更长。家庭养殖系统也被描述为感染的风险因素,可能是由于家养水牛与犬科动物之间的持续接触。水牛的胎儿免疫能力与牛相似,并且水牛胎儿在怀孕的头三个月极易感染,这表明新孢子虫病可能是水牛的一种致流产因子。或者,有趣的是注意到有证据表明感染新孢子虫病的怀孕水牛中的炎症反应足够轻微,以至于在大多数情况下可避免流产。有人提出,弓形虫病可能通过未加工的牛奶和水牛肉传播,这在公共卫生方面很重要。此外,有强有力的证据表明新孢子虫病可能与水牛的流产有关。