Valenzuela Alex, Meservey Lindsey, Nguyen Huy, Fu Meng-Meng
Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Trends Cell Biol. 2020 Oct;30(10):792-804. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.07.004. Epub 2020 Aug 27.
Classically, animal cells nucleate or form new microtubules off the perinuclear centrosome. In recent years, the Golgi outpost has emerged as a satellite organelle that can function as an acentrosomal microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), nucleating new microtubules at distances far from the nucleus or cell body. Golgi outposts can nucleate new microtubules in specialized cells with unique cytoarchitectures, including Drosophila neurons, mouse muscle cells, and rodent oligodendrocytes. This review compares and contrasts topics of functional relevance, including Golgi outpost heterogeneity, formation and transport, as well as regulation of microtubule polarity and branching. Golgi outposts have also been implicated in the pathology of diseases including muscular dystrophy, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Since Golgi outposts are relatively understudied, many outstanding questions regarding their function and roles in disease remain.
传统上，动物细胞在核周中心体上形成或产生新的微管。近年来，高尔基体前哨作为一种卫星细胞器出现，它可以作为无中心体的微管组织中心（MTOC），在远离细胞核或细胞体的距离处产生新的微管。高尔基体前哨可以在具有独特细胞结构的特化细胞中产生新的微管，包括果蝇神经元、小鼠肌肉细胞和啮齿动物少突胶质细胞。本综述比较并对比了功能相关的主题，包括高尔基体前哨的异质性、形成和运输，以及微管极性和分支的调节。高尔基体前哨也与包括肌肉萎缩症和神经退行性疾病（如帕金森病（PD））在内的疾病病理学有关。由于对高尔基体前哨的研究相对较少，关于其功能和在疾病中的作用仍有许多悬而未决的问题。
