Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America.
Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America.
Bone. 2021 Feb;143:115620. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115620. Epub 2020 Aug 29.
This review article focuses on imaging of bone tissue to understand skeletal health with regards to bone quality. Skeletal fragility fractures are due to bone diseases such as osteoporosis which result in low bone mass and bone mineral density (BMD) leading to high risk of fragility fractures. Recent advances in imaging and analysis technologies have highly benefitted the field of biological sciences. In particular, their application in skeletal health has been of significant importance in understanding bone mechanical behavior (structure and properties) at the tissue level. While synchrotron based microCT technique has remained the gold standard for non-destructive evaluation of structure in material and biological sciences, several lab based microCT systems have been developed to provide high resolution imaging of specimens with greater access, and ease of use in laboratory settings. Lab based microCT scanners are widely used in the bone field as a standard tool to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) morphologies of bone structure at image resolutions appropriate for bone samples from small animals to bone biopsy specimens from humans. Both synchrotron and standard lab based microCT systems provide high resolution imaging ex vivo for a small sized specimen. A few X-ray based systems are also commercially available for in vivo scanning at relatively low image resolutions. Synchrotron-based CT microscopy is being used for various ultra-high-resolution image analyses using complex 3D software. However, the synchrotron-based CT technology is in high demand, allows only limited numbers of specimens, expensive, requires complex additional instrumentation, and is not easily available to researchers as it requires access to a synchrotron source which is always limited. Therefore, desktop laboratory scanners (microXCT, Zeiss/Xradia, Scanco, SkyScan. etc.), mimicking the synchrotron based CT technology or image resolution, have been developed to solve the accessibility issues. These lab based scanners have helped both material science, and the bone field to investigate bone tissue morphologies at submicron mage resolutions. Considerable progress has been made in both in vivo and ex vivo imaging towards providing high resolution images of bone tissue. Both clinical and research imaging technologies will continue to improve and help understand osteoporosis and other related skeletal issues in order to develop targeted treatments for bone fragility. This review summarizes the high resolution imaging work in bone research.
这篇综述文章重点关注骨骼组织的影像学，以了解骨骼健康与骨质量的关系。骨骼脆性骨折是由于骨质疏松等骨骼疾病引起的，这些疾病会导致骨量和骨矿物质密度（BMD）降低，从而使脆性骨折的风险增加。成像和分析技术的最新进展极大地促进了生物科学领域的发展。特别是，它们在骨骼健康中的应用对于理解组织水平的骨骼机械行为（结构和特性）具有重要意义。虽然基于同步加速器的微 CT 技术仍然是材料和生物科学领域结构无损评估的金标准，但已经开发了几种基于实验室的微 CT 系统，以提供具有更高访问权限和易于在实验室环境中使用的标本高分辨率成像。基于实验室的微 CT 扫描仪在骨骼领域被广泛用作评估小动物骨骼结构 3D 形态的标准工具，也可用于人类骨活检标本。同步加速器和标准实验室基于微 CT 系统都可以为小尺寸标本提供高分辨率的体外成像。一些基于 X 射线的系统也可用于相对低图像分辨率的体内扫描。基于同步加速器的 CT 显微镜正在用于各种使用复杂 3D 软件的超高分辨率图像分析。然而，基于同步加速器的 CT 技术需求量大，只能允许有限数量的标本，成本高，需要复杂的额外仪器，并且由于需要访问同步加速器源，因此不容易为研究人员提供，而同步加速器源总是有限的。因此，台式实验室扫描仪（microXCT、Zeiss/Xradia、Scanco、SkyScan 等）已经被开发出来，模仿基于同步加速器的 CT 技术或图像分辨率，以解决可及性问题。这些基于实验室的扫描仪帮助材料科学和骨骼领域以亚微米图像分辨率研究骨骼组织形态。在提供骨骼组织的高分辨率图像方面，无论是在体内还是体外成像方面都取得了相当大的进展。临床和研究成像技术将继续改进，以帮助了解骨质疏松症和其他相关骨骼问题，从而为骨骼脆弱性开发有针对性的治疗方法。本文综述了骨骼研究中的高分辨率成像工作。
