Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Aug 27;17(17):6220. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176220.
Soil quality is seriously reduced due to chemical pollution, including heavy metal (HM) pollution. To meet quality standards, polluted soils must be remediated. Soil washing/soil flushing offers efficient removal of heavy metals and decreases environmental risk in polluted areas. These goals can be obtained by using proper washing agents to remove HMs from soil. These washing agents should not pose unacceptable threats to humans and ecosystems, including soil composition. Currently, it is desirable to use more environmentally and economically attractive washing agents instead of synthetic, environmentally problematic chemicals (e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)). The usefulness of novel washing agents for treatment of heavy metal-contaminated soils is being intensively developed, in terms of the efficiency of HM removal and properties of washed soils. Despite the unquestionable effectiveness of soil washing/flushing, it should be remembered that both methods generate secondary fluid waste (spent washing solution), and the final stage of the process should be treatment of the contaminated spent washing solution. This paper reviews information on soil contamination with heavy metals. This review examines the principles and status of soil washing and soil flushing. The novel contribution of this review is a presentation of the sources and characteristics of novel washing agents and chemical substitutes for EDTA, with their potential for heavy metal removal. Methods for treating spent washing solution are discussed separately.
土壤质量因化学污染而严重下降，包括重金属（HM）污染。为了达到质量标准，必须对污染土壤进行修复。土壤洗涤/土壤冲洗可有效去除重金属，并降低污染地区的环境风险。通过使用适当的洗涤剂从土壤中去除 HMs 可以实现这些目标。这些洗涤剂不应对人类和生态系统造成不可接受的威胁，包括土壤成分。目前，人们希望使用更环保、更经济的洗涤剂来替代合成的、对环境有问题的化学物质（例如，乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA））。新型洗涤剂在处理重金属污染土壤方面的有效性正在得到深入开发，包括 HM 去除效率和洗涤土壤的性质。尽管土壤洗涤/冲洗的效果无疑是有效的，但应记住，这两种方法都会产生二次流体废物（用过的洗涤溶液），而该过程的最后阶段应为处理受污染的用过的洗涤溶液。本文综述了重金属污染土壤的相关信息。本文综述了土壤洗涤和土壤冲洗的原理和现状。本综述的新颖之处在于介绍了新型洗涤剂和 EDTA 的化学替代品的来源和特性，以及它们在去除重金属方面的潜力。处理用过的洗涤溶液的方法单独进行了讨论。
