Growth, physiological and transcriptomic analysis of the perennial ryegrass in response to saline stress.

Salinization of soil is a global environmental concern. To bioremediate or use saline-alkali lands, most studies focused on screening of halophytes and breeding of saline-tolerant non-halophyte vegetables. Seldom studies investigated effects of salinity on general landscape plants, which are important for landscape construction in urban areas. In the present study, effects of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of the perennial ryegrass were investigated. The final seed germination rate was not affected at salinity up to 6.4‰. Partial seedlings wilted in all saline treatments and the mortality of was positively correlated with salinity. Treatments with salinity equal to or lower than 1.6‰ did not affect length and dry weight of shoot and root. These results suggested that could be sowed and then grow well in low-salinity areas. To explore the underlying physiological mechanisms, contents of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant indices were determined. The results showed that contents of chlorophyll , and carotenoid significantly decreased in all saline treatments, in comparison to the control. Similarly, activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase decreased and contents of glutathione and malondialdehyde increased in saline treatments. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified 792 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in shoots between 6.4‰ saline treatment and the control. Compared with the control, genes in relation to iron transportation and amino acid metabolism were downregulated, but genes participating in energy metabolism were upregulated. These changes would inhibit toxicity of ion accumulation and provide more energy for plants to resist saline stress.