O'Connor Allyson, Peckham Trevor, Seixas Noah
Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
Front Public Health. 2020 Aug 4;8:363. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00363. eCollection 2020.
Most occupational health research is conducted with the so-called "standard employment relationship" in mind, which entails ongoing, full-time employment for a single employer. Yet mounting evidence suggests the way work is organized is increasingly deviating from this standard model, and that work arrangements themselves-the terms and conditions of employment such as contract type and the extent of directive control over tasks-are important determinants of worker health and safety. However, a lack of clear conceptual definitions or taxonomic system defining the wide variety of economic work arrangements in the contemporary workplace hampers rigorous investigation of their relationship to health. The various forms of "non-standard" employment arrangements-also called non-traditional, alternative, flexible, fissured, precarious, contingent, temporary, atypical, or gig work-may have overlapping attributes, yet ambiguity regarding the character of these arrangements obscures mechanisms that lead to increased health and safety risks. Here, we attempt to clarify work arrangements as a workplace exposure, deserving of specific attention within occupational health and safety research, practice, and policy. We argue that, at minimum, three key features of work arrangements need to be considered: (1) whether an arrangement is permanent or temporary; (2) whether a worker is a contractor or an employee; and (3) whether an arrangement involves more than one firm. We further propose mechanisms linking work arrangements to increased work-related health risks to better inform strategies aimed at protecting the growing non-standard workforce.
大多数职业健康研究在进行时都会考虑所谓的“标准雇佣关系”，这种关系意味着为单一雇主持续全职工作。然而，越来越多的证据表明，工作的组织方式正日益偏离这种标准模式，而且工作安排本身——诸如合同类型以及对任务的指令控制程度等雇佣条款和条件——是工人健康与安全的重要决定因素。然而，缺乏明确的概念定义或分类系统来界定当代职场中各种各样的经济工作安排，这妨碍了对它们与健康之间关系的严格调查。各种形式的“非标准”雇佣安排——也被称为非传统、替代性、灵活、碎片化、不稳定、临时、非典型或零工工作——可能具有重叠的属性，但这些安排的性质不明确，掩盖了导致健康和安全风险增加的机制。在此，我们试图将工作安排明确为一种职场暴露，值得在职业健康与安全研究、实践及政策中给予特别关注。我们认为，至少需要考虑工作安排的三个关键特征：（1）一种安排是永久性的还是临时性的；（2）一名工人是承包商还是雇员；（3）一种安排是否涉及不止一家公司。我们还提出了将工作安排与工作相关健康风险增加联系起来的机制，以便更好地为旨在保护不断壮大的非标准劳动力的策略提供信息。
