Eskander Noha
Psychiatry, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
Cureus. 2020 Aug 2;12(8):e9521. doi: 10.7759/cureus.9521.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders diagnosed in children below the age of 12 years. It is characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsive behavior. ADHD affects the social, academic, and psychological aspects of children and adolescents. Children with ADHD struggle with school tasks and performance. They have lower grades than their peers and have difficulties interacting with their friends. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a mental disorder characterized by disruptive behavior, a pattern of angry and irritable mood, argumentative, and vindictive behavior. Children with ODD struggle with forming friendships and have problems at school. Conduct disorder (CD) is divided into the childhood onset and the adolescent onset types. The childhood onset is associated with poor outcomes in adulthood, an increase in criminal behavior, violence, and progression to antisocial behavior. Children with CD are at increased risk for substance use disorders (SUD) and antisocial personality disorder. The current literature review is aiming to provide an overview of the psychosocial impact of comorbid ODD and CD in children with ADHD. The results of this study review showed the comorbidity of ODD and CD is very strong. ODD is a strong predictor of CD in boys. The presence of comorbid ODD and ADHD in children is a significant predictor of adolescent onset CD. The comorbidity of ADHD with ODD and CD worsens symptom severity and is associated with high psychosocial dysfunction. Children with ADHD and comorbid ODD and CD have difficulties with school, friends, and trouble with the police.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是12岁以下儿童中最常见的精神障碍之一。其特征为多动、注意力不集中和冲动行为。ADHD会影响儿童和青少年的社交、学业及心理方面。患有ADHD的儿童在学校任务和表现方面存在困难。他们的成绩比同龄人低，在与朋友交往方面也有困难。对立违抗障碍（ODD）是一种以破坏性行为、愤怒和易怒情绪模式、好争辩及报复行为为特征的精神障碍。患有ODD的儿童在建立友谊方面存在困难，在学校也有问题。品行障碍（CD）分为儿童期起病型和青少年期起病型。儿童期起病型与成年期不良后果、犯罪行为增加、暴力行为以及发展为反社会行为有关。患有CD的儿童患物质使用障碍（SUD）和反社会人格障碍的风险增加。当前的文献综述旨在概述ADHD儿童中ODD和CD共病的心理社会影响。这项研究综述的结果表明ODD和CD的共病情况非常严重。ODD是男孩中CD的一个强有力的预测指标。儿童中ODD和ADHD共病是青少年期起病型CD的一个重要预测指标。ADHD与ODD和CD共病会加重症状严重程度，并与高度的心理社会功能障碍相关。患有ADHD以及ODD和CD共病的儿童在学校、交友方面存在困难，还会与警方产生麻烦。
