Boschi Federico, Spinelli Antonello Enrico
Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020 Sep 7;10(9):1771. doi: 10.3390/nano10091771.
Cerenkov luminescence imaging and Cerenkov photodynamic therapy have been developed in recent years to exploit the Cerenkov radiation (CR) generated by radioisotopes, frequently used in Nuclear Medicine, to diagnose and fight cancer lesions. For in vivo detection, the endpoint energy of the radioisotope and, thus, the total number of the emitted Cerenkov photons, represents a very important variable and explains why, for example, Ga is better than F. However, it was also found that the scintillation process is an important mechanism for light production. Nanotechnology represents the most important field, providing nanosctructures which are able to shift the UV-blue emission into a more suitable wavelength, with reduced absorption, which is useful especially for in vivo imaging and therapy applications. Nanoparticles can be made, loaded or linked to fluorescent dyes to modify the optical properties of CR radiation. They also represent a useful platform for therapeutic agents, such as photosensitizer drugs for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Generally, NPs can be spaced by CR sources; however, for in vivo imaging applications, NPs bound to or incorporating radioisotopes are the most interesting nanocomplexes thanks to their high degree of mutual colocalization and the reduced problem of false uptake detection. Moreover, the distance between the NPs and CR source is crucial for energy conversion. Here, we review the principal NPs proposed in the literature, discussing their properties and the main results obtained by the proponent experimental groups.
近年来，切伦科夫发光成像和切伦科夫光动力疗法得到了发展，以利用核医学中常用的放射性同位素产生的切伦科夫辐射（CR）来诊断和对抗癌症病变。对于体内检测，放射性同位素的端点能量以及因此发射的切伦科夫光子的总数是一个非常重要的变量，这也解释了为什么例如镓比氟更具优势。然而，人们还发现闪烁过程是产生光的一个重要机制。纳米技术是最重要的领域，它提供了能够将紫外 - 蓝光发射转移到更合适波长、吸收减少的纳米结构，这对于体内成像和治疗应用尤其有用。纳米颗粒可以被制备、负载或与荧光染料连接，以改变CR辐射的光学性质。它们也是治疗剂的有用平台，例如用于产生活性氧（ROS）的光敏剂药物。一般来说，纳米颗粒可以与CR源隔开；然而，对于体内成像应用，与放射性同位素结合或包含放射性同位素的纳米颗粒是最有趣的纳米复合物，这得益于它们高度的相互共定位以及减少了假摄取检测的问题。此外，纳米颗粒与CR源之间的距离对于能量转换至关重要。在此，我们综述文献中提出的主要纳米颗粒，讨论它们的性质以及支持者实验组获得的主要结果。
