School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Equine Vet J. 2021 Jul;53(4):727-739. doi: 10.1111/evj.13350. Epub 2020 Oct 6.
Cyathostomins are prevalent and pathogenic intestinal helminths of horses, causing acute and chronic disease, including acute larval cyathostominosis, which has a mortality rate of 50%. Factors determining individual susceptibility to acute larval cyathostominosis are unknown. Investigation of these factors could lead to novel treatment and prevention strategies.
To investigate clinicopathological and faecal microbiota changes associated with disease in individual horses in an acute larval cyathostominosis outbreak.
Case series.
The study population was a herd of 23 mixed breed horses in Ireland. The outbreak occurred in November 2018. Fourteen horses were clinically affected. Clinical status was monitored and recorded. Blood and faecal sampling allowed clinicopathological, faecal 16s rRNA gene sequencing and faecal egg count analyses.
Two horses were euthanised, whilst 12 recovered. Common clinical signs included loose faecal consistency, weight loss and pyrexia. Consistent clinicopathological findings were borderline anaemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and a reverse A: G ratio. Decreased alpha-diversity of the faecal microbiota and greater relative abundance of the genus Streptococcus, class Bacilli, order Lactobacillales and family Streptococcaceae, and family Prevotelleceae was found in clinically affected horses compared to their clinically normal cohorts. An increase in obligate fibrolytic bacteria was seen in the clinically normal group compared to the clinical group. Histopathological findings of the colon and caecum revealed a severe necrotising typhlocolitis associated with cyathostomin larvae and bacterial overgrowth in the mucosa of the large intestine.
The study population in this outbreak is small. There are several confounding factors limiting this to a descriptive case series. Faecal microbiota has been shown to reflect the large intestinal microbiota but do not represent changes directly.
These findings suggest that acute larval cyathostominosis is associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota as well as the inflammatory stimulus of numerous emerging larvae leading to structural and functional pathology of the large intestine.
Cyathostomins 是马肠道中普遍存在且具有致病性的寄生蠕虫，会引起急性和慢性疾病，包括急性幼虫 Cyathostominosis，其死亡率为 50%。决定个体对急性幼虫 Cyathostominosis 易感性的因素尚不清楚。对这些因素的研究可能会导致新的治疗和预防策略。
调查急性幼虫 Cyathostominosis 暴发中个体马匹疾病相关的临床病理和粪便微生物组变化。
病例系列。
研究人群是爱尔兰一个混合品种马群的 23 匹马。疫情于 2018 年 11 月爆发。14 匹马临床受影响。监测并记录临床状况。血液和粪便采样允许进行临床病理、粪便 16s rRNA 基因测序和粪便卵计数分析。
2 匹马被安乐死，而 12 匹马康复。常见的临床症状包括粪便松散、体重减轻和发热。一致的临床病理发现包括边缘性贫血、白细胞增多、血小板增多、纤维蛋白原血症、球蛋白血症和 A:G 比值倒置。与临床正常组相比，临床受影响的马匹粪便微生物群的 alpha 多样性降低，链球菌属、芽孢杆菌纲、乳杆菌目和链球菌科以及普雷沃氏菌科的相对丰度增加。与临床组相比，临床正常组中必需的纤维分解菌增加。结肠和盲肠的组织病理学发现与 Cyathostomin 幼虫相关的严重坏死性回肠炎和大肠黏膜细菌过度生长。
本次疫情的研究人群规模较小。有几个混杂因素将本研究限制为描述性病例系列。粪便微生物组已被证明反映了大肠微生物组，但不能直接代表变化。
这些发现表明，急性幼虫 Cyathostominosis 与肠道微生物组的失调以及大量新出现幼虫引起的炎症刺激有关，导致大肠的结构和功能病理。
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