Weakly Supervised Histopathology Image Segmentation With Sparse Point Annotations.

Digital histopathology image segmentation can facilitate computer-assisted cancer diagnostics. Given the difficulty of obtaining manual annotations, weak supervision is more suitable for the task than full supervision is. However, most weakly supervised models are not ideal for handling severe intra-class heterogeneity and inter-class homogeneity in histopathology images. Therefore, we propose a novel end-to-end weakly supervised learning framework named WESUP. With only sparse point annotations, it performs accurate segmentation and exhibits good generalizability. The training phase comprises two major parts, hierarchical feature representation and deep dynamic label propagation. The former uses superpixels to capture local details and global context from the convolutional feature maps obtained via transfer learning. The latter recognizes the manifold structure of the hierarchical features and identifies potential targets with the sparse annotations. Moreover, these two parts are trained jointly to improve the performance of the whole framework. To further boost test performance, pixel-wise inference is adopted for finer prediction. As demonstrated by experimental results, WESUP is able to largely resolve the confusion between histological foreground and background. It outperforms several state-of-the-art weakly supervised methods on a variety of histopathology datasets with minimal annotation efforts. Trained by very sparse point annotations, WESUP can even beat an advanced fully supervised segmentation network.