Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45F Str., 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
Nutrients. 2020 Sep 12;12(9):2793. doi: 10.3390/nu12092793.
Athletes use different combinations of weight loss methods during competition preparation. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize pre-competition weight loss models, which describe these combinations. The second aim was to determine if any existing model pose a higher risk of severe dehydration and whether any of the models could be continued as a lower-risk option. The third aim was to explore whether athletes who used different weight management strategies could be differentiated based on age, sex, training experience or anthropometric parameters. Study participants were randomly selected from Olympic taekwondo competitors and 192 athletes were enrolled. Active (47% weight-reducing athletes), passive (31%) and extreme (22%) models have been described. In the extreme model, athletes combined the highest number of different weight loss methods (3.9 ± 0.9 methods vs. 2.4 ± 0.9 in active and 1.5 ± 0.6 in passive), reduced significantly more body mass than others (6.7 ± 3.5% body mass vs. 4.3 ± 1.9% and 4.5 ± 2.4%; < 0.01) and all of them used methods with the highest risk of severe dehydration. The active and passive models could be continued as a lower-risk option, if athletes do not combine dehydrating methods and do not prolong the low energy availability phase. The extreme model carried the highest risk of severe dehydration. Every fifth weight-reducing taekwondo athlete may have been exposed to the adverse effects of acute weight loss. Taekwondo athletes, regardless of age, sex, training experience and anthropometric parameters, lose weight before the competition and those characteristics do not differentiate them between models.
运动员在比赛准备期间会使用不同组合的减肥方法。本研究的目的是确定和描述这些组合的竞赛前减肥模型，并确定是否存在任何更高风险的严重脱水的模型，以及是否有任何模型可以作为低风险的选择继续使用。第三个目的是探索使用不同体重管理策略的运动员是否可以根据年龄、性别、训练经验或人体测量参数来区分。研究参与者是从奥运会跆拳道选手中随机挑选的，共有 192 名运动员入选。已经描述了主动（47%的减肥运动员）、被动（31%）和极端（22%）模型。在极端模型中，运动员结合了最多的不同减肥方法（3.9±0.9 种方法与主动组的 2.4±0.9 种和被动组的 1.5±0.6 种相比），体重减轻显著多于其他组（6.7±3.5%体重与 4.3±1.9%和 4.5±2.4%相比；<0.01），并且所有方法都有很高的严重脱水风险。如果运动员不结合脱水方法并且不延长低能量供应阶段，主动和被动模型可以作为低风险的选择继续使用。极端模型则具有最高的严重脱水风险。每五个减肥跆拳道运动员中可能就有一个会受到急性减肥的不良影响。跆拳道运动员无论年龄、性别、训练经验和人体测量参数如何，都会在比赛前减肥，这些特征并不能将他们区分在不同的模型中。
