Guimaraes Silvia, Arbuckle Benjamin S, Peters Joris, Adcock Sarah E, Buitenhuis Hijlke, Chazin Hannah, Manaseryan Ninna, Uerpmann Hans-Peter, Grange Thierry, Geigl Eva-Maria
Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, University of Paris, Paris, France.
Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Sci Adv. 2020 Sep 16;6(38). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0030. Print 2020 Sep.
Despite the important roles that horses have played in human history, particularly in the spread of languages and cultures, and correspondingly intensive research on this topic, the origin of domestic horses remains elusive. Several domestication centers have been hypothesized, but most of these have been invalidated through recent paleogenetic studies. Anatolia is a region with an extended history of horse exploitation that has been considered a candidate for the origins of domestic horses but has never been subject to detailed investigation. Our paleogenetic study of pre- and protohistoric horses in Anatolia and the Caucasus, based on a diachronic sample from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age (~8000 to ~1000 BCE) that encompasses the presumed transition from wild to domestic horses (4000 to 3000 BCE), shows the rapid and large-scale introduction of domestic horses at the end of the third millennium BCE. Thus, our results argue strongly against autochthonous independent domestication of horses in Anatolia.
尽管马在人类历史中发挥了重要作用，尤其是在语言和文化传播方面，并且相应地对这一主题进行了深入研究，但家马的起源仍然难以捉摸。人们曾假设过几个驯化中心，但其中大多数已被最近的古遗传学研究所推翻。安纳托利亚是一个有着悠久马匹利用历史的地区，一直被认为是家马起源的候选地，但从未受到过详细调查。我们对安纳托利亚和高加索地区史前及原史时期马匹的古遗传学研究，基于从新石器时代早期到铁器时代（约公元前8000年至公元前1000年）的历时样本，涵盖了假定的从野马到家马的过渡时期（公元前4000年至公元前3000年），结果表明在公元前第三个千年末家马被迅速且大规模引入。因此，我们的研究结果有力地反驳了安纳托利亚地区马的本土独立驯化观点。
