Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; email:
Annu Rev Genet. 2020 Nov 23;54:563-581. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-021920-011805. Epub 2020 Sep 22.
The domestication of the horse some 5,500 years ago followed those of dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs by ∼2,500-10,000 years. By providing fast transportation and transforming warfare, the horse had an impact on human history with no equivalent in the animal kingdom. Even though the equine sport industry has considerable economic value today, the evolutionary history underlying the emergence of the modern domestic horse remains contentious. In the last decade, novel sequencing technologies have revolutionized our capacity to sequence the complete genome of organisms, including from archaeological remains. Applied to horses, these technologies have provided unprecedented levels of information and have considerably changed models of horse domestication. This review illustrates how ancient DNA, especially ancient genomes, has inspired researchers to rethink the process by which horses were first domesticated and then diversified into a variety of breeds showing a range of traits that are useful to humans.
大约 5500 年前，马被驯化，紧随其后的是狗、羊、山羊、牛和猪，大约在 2500-10000 年前。马提供了快速的交通方式，并改变了战争方式，对人类历史产生了巨大影响，在动物王国中没有任何与之相当的物种。尽管现代赛马行业具有相当大的经济价值，但现代家马的出现的进化历史仍然存在争议。在过去的十年中，新型测序技术彻底改变了我们对包括考古遗迹在内的生物体进行全基因组测序的能力。将这些技术应用于马，提供了前所未有的信息水平，并极大地改变了马的驯化模式。这篇综述说明了古 DNA，特别是古基因组，如何激发研究人员重新思考马最初是如何被驯化的，以及后来是如何多样化成各种品种的，这些品种表现出一系列对人类有用的特征。
