Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
Nutrients. 2020 Sep 19;12(9):2869. doi: 10.3390/nu12092869.
The decline of skeletal muscle mass and strength that leads to sarcopenia is a pathology that might represent an emergency healthcare issue in future years. Decreased muscle mass is also a condition that mainly affects master athletes involved in endurance physical activities. Skeletal muscles respond to exercise by reshaping the biochemical, morphological, and physiological state of myofibrils. Adaptive responses involve the activation of intracellular signaling pathways and genetic reprogramming, causing alterations in contractile properties, metabolic status, and muscle mass. One of the mechanisms leading to sarcopenia is an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species levels and a reduction in enzymatic antioxidant protection. The present review shows the recent experimental models of sarcopenia that explore molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, the clinical aspect of sport sarcopenia will be highlighted, and new strategies based on nutritional supplements, which may contribute to reducing indices of oxidative stress by reinforcing natural endogenous protection, will be suggested.
导致肌肉减少症的骨骼肌质量和力量下降可能是未来几年内紧急的医疗保健问题。肌肉减少也是一种主要影响从事耐力性身体活动的精英运动员的病症。骨骼肌通过重塑肌原纤维的生化、形态和生理状态来对运动做出反应。适应性反应涉及细胞内信号通路的激活和基因重编程，导致收缩特性、代谢状态和肌肉质量的改变。导致肌肉减少症的机制之一是活性氧和氮物种水平的增加以及酶抗氧化保护的减少。本综述展示了探索肌肉减少症分子机制的最新实验模型。此外，还将突出运动性肌肉减少症的临床方面，并提出基于营养补充剂的新策略，这些策略可能通过增强天然内源性保护来减少氧化应激指标。
