Increased levels of HE4 (WFDC2) in systemic sclerosis: a novel biomarker reflecting interstitial lung disease severity?

BACKGROUND

Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4, also known as WFDC-2) has been implicated in fibrotic disorders pathobiology. We tested the hypothesis that HE4 may be used as a candidate biomarker for systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD).

METHODS

A total of 169 consecutive SSc patients and 169 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled and blood samples were collected. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and paired lavage was performed on 169 patients and 37 healthy controls. All patients were classified as having SSc-no ILD or SSc-ILD, based on high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, and a semiquantitative grade of ILD extent was evaluated through CT scans (grade 1, 0-25%; grade 2, 26-50%; grade 3, 51-75%; grade 4, 76-100%). Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) HE4 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Serum HE4 levels were higher in SSc patients [median (interquartile range), 139.4 (85.9-181.8) pmol/l] compared with healthy controls [39.5 (24.3-54.2) pmol/l,  < 0.001] and were higher in patients with SSc-ILD [172.1 (94.8-263.3) pmol/l] than in those with SSc-no ILD [97.4 (85.5-156.5) pmol/l,  < 0.001]. This observation was replicated in the BALF samples. Corresponding values were 510.8 (144.6-1013.8) pmol/l for SSc cohort, 754.4 (299-1060) pmol/l for SSc-ILD, 555.1 (203.7-776.2) pmol/l for SSc-no ILD, and 238.7 (97.7-397.6) pmol/l for controls. The semiquantitative grade of ILD on CT scan was significantly proportional to the HE4 levels and the lung function parameter (i.e., FVC) had a negative correlation with the HE4 levels.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to demonstrate the potential clinical utility of blood and BALF HE4 as a biomarker for SSc-ILD. Future prospective validation studies are warranted.