Effects of Electrokinetic Phenomena on Bacterial Deposition Monitored by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring.

Bacterial deposition is the first step in the formation of microbial biofilms in environmental technology, and there is high interest in controlling such deposition. Earlier work indicated that direct current (DC) electric fields could influence bacterial deposition in percolation columns. Here, a time-resolved quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and microscopy-based cell counting were used to quantify DC field effects on the deposition of bacterial strains KT2440 and LP6a at varying electrolyte concentrations and weak electric field strengths (0-2 V cm). DC-induced frequency shifts (Δ), dissipation energy (Δ), and ratios thereof (Δ/Δ) proved as good indicators of the rigidity of cell attachment. We interpreted QCM-D signals using a theoretical approach by calculating the attractive DLVO-force and the shear and drag forces acting on a bacterium near collector surfaces in a DC electric field. We found that changes in DC-induced deposition of bacteria depended on the relative strengths of electrophoretic drag and electro-osmotic shear forces. This could enable the prediction and electrokinetic control of microbial deposition on surfaces in natural and manmade ecosystems.