Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Europace. 2020 Dec 23;22(12):1768-1780. doi: 10.1093/europace/euaa232.
Ventricular electrical storm (VES) is a clinical scenario characterized by the clustering of multiple episodes of sustained ventricular arrhythmias (VA) over a short duration. Patients with VES are prone to psychological disorders, heart failure decompensation, and increased mortality. Studies have shown that 10-28% of the patients with secondary prevention ICDs can sustain VES. The triad of a susceptible electrophysiologic substrate, triggers, and autonomic dysregulation govern the pathogenesis of VES. The rate of VA, underlying ventricular function, and the presence of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) determine the clinical presentation. A multi-faceted approach is often required for management consisting of acute hemodynamic stabilization, ICD reprogramming when appropriate, antiarrhythmic drug therapy, and sedation. Some patients may be eligible for catheter ablation, and autonomic modulation with thoracic epidural anesthesia, stellate ganglion block, or cardiac sympathetic denervation. Hemodynamically unstable patients may benefit from the use of left ventricular assist devices, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Special scenarios such as idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, Brugada syndrome, Long and short QT syndrome, early repolarization syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and cardiac sarcoidosis have been described as well. VES is a cardiac emergency that requires swift intervention. It is associated with poor short and long-term outcomes. A structured team-based management approach is paramount for the safe and effective treatment of this sick cohort.
心室电风暴(VES)是一种临床情况,其特征是在短时间内多个持续室性心律失常(VA)发作聚集。VES 患者易发生心理障碍、心力衰竭失代偿和死亡率增加。研究表明,二级预防 ICD 患者中有 10-28%可发生 VES。易发生电生理基质、触发因素和自主神经调节紊乱的三联征决定了 VES 的发病机制。VA 率、潜在心室功能和植入式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)的存在决定了临床表现。管理通常需要多方面的方法,包括急性血液动力学稳定、适当的 ICD 重新编程、抗心律失常药物治疗和镇静。一些患者可能有资格进行导管消融以及胸段硬膜外麻醉、星状神经节阻滞或心脏去交感神经支配的自主神经调节。血流动力学不稳定的患者可能受益于左心室辅助装置和体外膜氧合的使用。已经描述了一些特殊情况,如特发性心室颤动、Brugada 综合征、长 QT 和短 QT 综合征、早期复极综合征、儿茶酚胺多形性室性心动过速、致心律失常性右心室心肌病和心脏结节病。VES 是一种心脏急症,需要迅速干预。它与短期和长期预后不良有关。基于团队的结构化管理方法对于安全有效地治疗这一病态患者群至关重要。