Maerlender Arthur, Masterson Caitlin J, Norris Rex, Hinthorne Adam
Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, East Stadium, UNL, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
People Data Clarity, LLC, Springfield, MO, USA.
Ann Biomed Eng. 2020 Nov;48(11):2691-2700. doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02625-7. Epub 2020 Sep 30.
Research has helped to understand the risks of injuries of tackling in American football and rugby; however, approaches to teaching and analysis are not well-documented. Shoulder-led tackling has been proposed as a safer approach to tackling even though data on the effectiveness for safety and defensive performance is limited. Additionally, some have argued that safety and effectiveness are incompatible. The purpose of the study was to validate a specific sequence of tackling actions as a tool for teaching safer and more effective tackling skills. Results suggested tackle scores help predict presence of head contact, and that higher tackle scores were associated with reductions in Yards After Contact (YAC). Eight hundred and thirty-two (832) American high school football tackles were rated using a 12-element rating system. Estimated Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) was employed to identify the factor structure of the elements with three factors identified: Track, Engage, and Finish. ANOVA, along with logistic and linear equation models were run to determine relationships between tackle scores and outcomes. Tackle scores predicted head-contact category (binary logistic regression accuracy = .76). Yards after contact (YAC) were significantly reduced [Finish factor: MANOVA F(3, 828) = 105.825, p < .001]. Construct and predictive validity were demonstrated and show that these tackle elements provide valid foci for teaching better tackling as well as analyzing both teaching effectiveness and performance.
研究有助于了解美式橄榄球和英式橄榄球中擒抱动作导致受伤的风险；然而，关于教学和分析方法的文献记载并不充分。尽管关于肩部引导式擒抱在安全有效性和防守表现方面的数据有限，但它已被提议作为一种更安全的擒抱方式。此外，一些人认为安全与有效性是相互矛盾的。本研究的目的是验证一系列特定的擒抱动作顺序，将其作为教授更安全、更有效擒抱技巧的一种工具。结果表明，擒抱得分有助于预测头部接触的情况，并且较高的擒抱得分与接触后码数（YAC）的减少有关。使用一个包含12个要素的评分系统对832次美国高中橄榄球擒抱动作进行了评分。采用估计结构方程模型（ESEM）来确定这些要素的因子结构，共识别出三个因子：追踪、对抗和结束。进行了方差分析以及逻辑和线性方程模型分析，以确定擒抱得分与结果之间的关系。擒抱得分可预测头部接触类别（二元逻辑回归准确率 = 0.76）。接触后码数（YAC）显著减少[结束因子：多变量方差分析F(3, 828) = 105.825，p < 0.001]。研究证明了结构效度和预测效度，表明这些擒抱要素为教授更好的擒抱技巧以及分析教学效果和表现提供了有效的关注点。
