Sullivan John T, Berkoff Timothy, Gronoff Guillaume, Knepp Travis, Pippin Margaret, Allen Danette, Twigg Laurence, Swap Robert, Tzortziou Maria, Thompson Anne M, Stauffer Ryan M, Wolfe Glenn M, Flynn James, Pusede Sally E, Judd Laura, Moore William, Baker Barry D, Al-Saadi Jay, McGee Thomas J
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA.
Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 2019 Feb;100(2):291-306. doi: 10.1175/bams-d-18-0025.1. Epub 2019 Mar 14.
Coastal regions have historically represented a significant challenge for air quality investigations due to water-land boundary transition characteristics and a paucity of measurements available over water. Prior studies have identified the formation of high levels of ozone over water bodies, such as the Chesapeake Bay, that can potentially recirculate back over land to significantly impact populated areas. Earth-observing satellites and forecast models face challenges in capturing the coastal transition zone where small-scale meteorological dynamics are complex and large changes in pollutants can occur on very short spatial and temporal scales. An observation strategy is presented to synchronously measure pollutants 'over-land' and 'over-water' to provide a more complete picture of chemical gradients across coastal boundaries for both the needs of state and local environmental management and new remote sensing platforms. Intensive vertical profile information from ozone lidar systems and ozonesondes, obtained at two main sites, one over land and the other over water, are complemented by remote sensing and in-situ observations of air quality from ground-based, airborne (both personned and unpersonned), and shipborne platforms. These observations, coupled with reliable chemical transport simulations, such as the NOAA National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC), are expected to lead to a more fully characterized and complete land-water interaction observing system that can be used to assess future geostationary air quality instruments, such as the NASA Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) as well as current low earth orbiting satellites, such as the European Space Agency's Sentinel 5-Precursor (S5-P) with its Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI).
由于水陆边界过渡特征以及水体上可用测量数据匮乏，沿海地区在空气质量调查方面历来都是一项重大挑战。先前的研究已经确定，在切萨皮克湾等水体上空会形成高浓度臭氧，这些臭氧有可能再循环回陆地，从而对人口密集地区产生重大影响。地球观测卫星和预报模型在捕捉沿海过渡带时面临挑战，因为该区域小尺度气象动力学复杂，污染物会在非常短的空间和时间尺度上发生巨大变化。本文提出了一种观测策略，同步测量“陆上”和“水上”的污染物，以便为州和地方环境管理需求以及新的遥感平台，提供沿海边界化学梯度的更完整图景。在一个陆上站点和一个水上站点这两个主要站点获取的来自臭氧激光雷达系统和臭氧探空仪的密集垂直剖面信息，辅以来自地面、机载（载人及无人）和船载平台的空气质量遥感和实地观测数据。这些观测数据，再加上可靠的化学传输模拟，如美国国家海洋和大气管理局的国家空气质量预报能力（NAQFC），有望形成一个特征更全面、完整的陆 - 水相互作用观测系统，可用于评估未来的地球静止轨道空气质量仪器，如美国国家航空航天局的对流层排放：污染监测（TEMPO），以及当前的低地球轨道卫星，如欧洲航天局的哨兵5号前体（S5 - P）及其对流层监测仪器（TROPOMI）。
