Variable resistance to spinetoram in populations of across a small area unconnected to genetic similarity.

The melon thrips, , is an increasingly important pest of vegetables in northern China. Some populations have developed resistance in the field to the insecticide spinetoram. Understanding the origin and dispersal of insecticide-resistant populations can shed light on resistance management strategies. In this study, we tested susceptibility of seven greenhouse populations of to spinetoram collected from a small area of about 300 km in Shandong Province and examined population genetic structure across the area based on a segment of mitochondrial gene and 22 microsatellite loci to infer the possible origin and dispersal of insecticide resistance. Levels of resistance to spinetoram differed among seven populations, which included one population with high resistance (LC = 759.34 mg/L), three populations with medium resistance (LC ranged from 28.69 to 34.79 mg/L), and three populations with low resistance (LC ranged from 7.61 to 8.97 mg/L). The populations were genetically differentiated into two groups unrelated to both levels of resistance and geographic distance. The molecular data indicated high levels of gene flow between populations with different levels of resistance to spinetoram and low gene flow among populations with the same level of resistance, pointing to a likely separate history of resistance evolution. Resistance levels of two tested populations to spinetoram decreased 23 and 4.6 times after five generations without any exposure to the pesticide. We therefore suspect that resistance of most likely evolved in response to local applications of the insecticide. Our study suggests that the development of resistance could be avoided or resistance even reversed by reducing usage of spinetoram.