Hawkins Nichola J, Bass Chris, Dixon Andrea, Neve Paul
Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 4SE, U.K.
Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2019 Feb;94(1):135-155. doi: 10.1111/brv.12440. Epub 2018 Jul 3.
Durable crop protection is an essential component of current and future food security. However, the effectiveness of pesticides is threatened by the evolution of resistant pathogens, weeds and insect pests. Pesticides are mostly novel synthetic compounds, and yet target species are often able to evolve resistance soon after a new compound is introduced. Therefore, pesticide resistance provides an interesting case of rapid evolution under strong selective pressures, which can be used to address fundamental questions concerning the evolutionary origins of adaptations to novel conditions. We ask: (i) whether this adaptive potential originates mainly from de novo mutations or from standing variation; (ii) which pre-existing traits could form the basis of resistance adaptations; and (iii) whether recurrence of resistance mechanisms among species results from interbreeding and horizontal gene transfer or from independent parallel evolution. We compare and contrast the three major pesticide groups: insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Whilst resistance to these three agrochemical classes is to some extent united by the common evolutionary forces at play, there are also important differences. Fungicide resistance appears to evolve, in most cases, by de novo point mutations in the target-site encoding genes; herbicide resistance often evolves through selection of polygenic metabolic resistance from standing variation; and insecticide resistance evolves through a combination of standing variation and de novo mutations in the target site or major metabolic resistance genes. This has practical implications for resistance risk assessment and management, and lessons learnt from pesticide resistance should be applied in the deployment of novel, non-chemical pest-control methods.
持久的作物保护是当前及未来粮食安全的重要组成部分。然而，抗性病原体、杂草和害虫的进化威胁着农药的有效性。农药大多是新型合成化合物，但新化合物引入后不久，目标物种往往就能进化出抗性。因此，抗药性提供了一个在强大选择压力下快速进化的有趣案例，可用于解决有关适应新环境进化起源的基本问题。我们提出以下问题：（i）这种适应潜力主要源于从头突变还是现有变异；（ii）哪些预先存在的性状可能构成抗性适应的基础；（iii）物种间抗性机制的重现是由于杂交和水平基因转移还是独立的平行进化。我们比较并对比了三大类农药：杀虫剂、除草剂和杀菌剂。虽然对这三类农用化学品的抗性在某种程度上受到共同进化力量的影响，但也存在重要差异。在大多数情况下，杀菌剂抗性似乎是通过靶标位点编码基因中的从头点突变进化而来；除草剂抗性通常是通过从现有变异中选择多基因代谢抗性进化而来；而杀虫剂抗性则是通过现有变异与靶标位点或主要代谢抗性基因中的从头突变相结合而进化的。这对抗性风险评估和管理具有实际意义，并且从抗药性中吸取的教训应应用于新型非化学害虫控制方法的部署中。
