Controlling evolutionary dynamics to optimize microbial bioremediation.

Some microbes have a fascinating ability to degrade compounds that are toxic for humans in a process called bioremediation. Although these traits help microbes survive the toxins, carrying them can be costly if the benefit of detoxification is shared by all surrounding microbes, whether they detoxify or not. Detoxification can thereby be seen as a public goods game, where nondegrading mutants can sweep through the population and collapse bioremediation. Here, we constructed an evolutionary game theoretical model to optimize bioremediation in a chemostat initially containing "cooperating" (detoxifying) microbes. We consider two types of mutants: "cheaters" that do not detoxify, and mutants that become resistant to the toxin through private mechanisms that do not benefit others. By manipulating the concentration and flow rate of a toxin into the chemostat, we identified conditions where cooperators can exclude cheaters that differ in their private resistance. However, eventually, cheaters are bound to invade. To overcome this inevitable outcome and maximize detoxification efficiency, cooperators can be periodically reinoculated into the population. Our study investigates the outcome of an evolutionary game combining both public and private goods and demonstrates how environmental parameters can be used to control evolutionary dynamics in practical applications.