Nordmann Alfred
Ber Wiss. 2012 Sep;35(3):200-216. doi: 10.1002/bewi.201201545.
Changing Perspectives - From the Experimental to the Technological Turn in History and Philosophy of Science. In the 1960s the philosophy of science was transformed through the encounter with the history of science, resulting in a collaborative venture by the name of "History and Philosophy of Science" (HPS). Philosophy of science adopted ever more regularly the format of the case study to reconstruct certain episodes from the history of science, and historians were mostly interested in the production of scientific knowledge. The so-called "experimental turn" of the 1980s owed to this interaction between philosophy and history. Its guiding question remained quite traditional, however, namely "How do the sciences achieve an agreement between representation and reality?" Only the answers to this question broke with tradition by focusing not on theory but on the role of instruments and experiments. - Roughly 30 years after the experimental turn, another transformative encounter appears to be taking place. HPS is being transformed in the encounter with philosophy of technology. From the point of view of philosophy of technology, the question does not arise whether and how the agreement of mind and world, representation and reality can be achieved. When things are constructed, built or made, human thinking and physical materiality are inseparably intertwined. Instead of seeking to describe a mind-independent reality, technoscientific researchers are working to acquire and demonstrate capabilities of experimental or predictive control. When science is regarded as a kind of technology, a program of study opens up for epistemology and so do avenues for the historiography of science. History of science might now show how the problems and procedures of the sciences arise from and impinge back upon a world that is itself a product of science and technology. It thereby abandons its traditional HPS niche existence and joins forces with environmental history, history of technology, social, labor, and consumer history.
转变视角——从科学史和科学哲学中的实验转向到技术转向。20世纪60年代，科学哲学因与科学史的碰撞而发生转变，催生了名为“科学史和科学哲学”（HPS）的合作项目。科学哲学越来越频繁地采用案例研究的形式来重构科学史上的某些片段，而历史学家大多对科学知识的产生感兴趣。20世纪80年代所谓的“实验转向”就源于哲学与历史之间的这种互动。然而，其指导性问题仍然相当传统，即“各门科学如何在表征与现实之间达成一致？”只是对这个问题的回答打破了传统，不再关注理论，而是聚焦于仪器和实验的作用。——在实验转向大约30年后，另一场变革性的碰撞似乎正在发生。HPS在与技术哲学的碰撞中正在发生转变。从技术哲学的角度来看，心智与世界、表征与现实能否以及如何达成一致这个问题并不存在。当事物被构建、制造或创造出来时，人类思维与物质实体是不可分割地交织在一起的。技术科学研究者不是试图描述一个独立于心智的现实，而是致力于获取和展示实验性或预测性控制的能力。当科学被视为一种技术时，认识论就开启了一个研究项目，科学史编纂的途径也随之打开。科学史现在可能会展示各门科学的问题和程序是如何源于一个本身就是科学和技术产物的世界，并反过来对其产生影响的。由此，它放弃了传统的HPS小众存在方式，与环境史、技术史、社会史、劳动史和消费史携手合作。
