Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2020;175:103-115. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64123-6.00008-4.
Sex differences in cognitive functioning have been consistently reported in some cognitive tasks, with varying effect sizes. The most consistent findings in healthy adults are sex differences in the areas of mental rotation and aspects of attention and verbal memory. Sex differences in the vulnerability and manifestation of several psychiatric and neurologic diseases that involve cognitive disruption provide strong justification to continue investigating the social and biologic influences that underpin sex differences in cognitive functioning across health and disease. The biologic influences are thought to include genetic and epigenetic factors, sex chromosomes, and sex hormones. Sex steroid hormones that regulate reproductive function have multiple effects on the development, maintenance, and function of the brain, including significant effects on cognitive functioning. The aim of the current chapter is to provide a theoretical review of sex differences across different cognitive domains in adulthood and aging, as well as provide an overview on the role of sex hormones in cognitive function and cognitive decline.
在一些认知任务中，性别差异在认知功能方面一直有被报道，且具有不同的效应大小。在健康成年人中，最一致的发现是在心理旋转以及注意力和言语记忆的某些方面存在性别差异。性别差异在认知障碍涉及的几种精神和神经疾病的易感性和表现方面提供了强有力的理由，继续研究潜在的社会和生物学影响因素，这些因素是认知功能在健康和疾病状态下存在性别的差异的基础。生物学影响因素被认为包括遗传和表观遗传因素、性染色体和性激素。调节生殖功能的性激素对大脑的发育、维持和功能有多种影响，包括对认知功能有显著影响。本章的目的是提供一个关于成年期和衰老过程中不同认知领域的性别差异的理论综述，以及概述性激素在认知功能和认知衰退中的作用。
