Department of Environment & Society, Utah State University, 5215 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5215, USA.
Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place, # 97388, Waco, TX, 76798-7388, USA.
Ambio. 2021 Mar;50(3):631-643. doi: 10.1007/s13280-020-01403-y. Epub 2020 Oct 4.
Disturbance to ecosystems in parks and protected areas from nature-based tourism and recreation is increasing in scale and severity, as are the impacts of climate change-but there is limited research examining the degree to which these anthropogenic disturbances interact. In this perspective paper, we draw on the available literature to expose complex recreation and climate interactions that may alter ecosystems of high conservation value such that important species and processes no longer persist. Our emphasis is on ecosystems in high demand for tourism and recreation that also are increasingly experiencing stress from climate change. We discuss the importance of developing predictive models of direct and indirect effects, including threshold and legacy effects at different levels of biological organization. We present a conceptual model of these interactions to initiate a dialog among researchers and managers so that new research approaches and managerial frameworks are advanced to address this emerging issue.
自然旅游和娱乐活动对公园和保护区生态系统的干扰规模和严重程度正在不断加大，气候变化的影响也是如此——但目前针对这些人为干扰相互作用程度的研究还很有限。在这篇观点文章中，我们利用现有文献揭示了复杂的娱乐活动和气候变化之间的相互作用，这些相互作用可能会改变具有高保护价值的生态系统，以至于一些重要的物种和过程不再存在。我们重点讨论了在高需求的旅游和娱乐生态系统中，开发直接和间接影响预测模型的重要性，包括不同生物组织层次的阈值和遗留效应。我们提出了一个概念模型来阐述这些相互作用，以在研究人员和管理者之间引发对话，从而提出新的研究方法和管理框架来解决这一新兴问题。
