Hoffman Andrew S, Jacobs Bart, van Gastel Bernard, Schraffenberger Hanna, Sharon Tamar, Pas Berber
Interdisciplinary Hub for Security, Privacy and Data Governance (iHub), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Department of Practical Philosophy, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Ethics Inf Technol. 2021;23(Suppl 1):105-115. doi: 10.1007/s10676-020-09559-7. Epub 2020 Sep 28.
In the early months of 2020, the deadly Covid-19 disease spread rapidly around the world. In response, national and regional governments implemented a range of emergency lockdown measures, curtailing citizens' movements and greatly limiting economic activity. More recently, as restrictions begin to be loosened or lifted entirely, the use of so-called contact tracing apps has figured prominently in many jurisdictions' plans to reopen society. Critics have questioned the utility of such technologies on a number of fronts, both practical and ethical. However, little has been said about the ways in which the normative design choices of app developers, and the products that result therefrom, might contribute to ethical reflection and wider political debate. Drawing from scholarship in critical design and human-computer interaction, this paper examines the development of a QR code-based tracking app called Zwaai ('Wave' in Dutch), where its designers explicitly positioned the app as an alternative to the predominant Bluetooth and GPS-based approaches. Through analyzing these designers' choices, this paper argues that QR code infrastructures can work to surface a set of , two of which are discussed here- and -that more 'seamless' protocols like Bluetooth actively aim to bypass, and which may go otherwise unnoticed by existing ethical frameworks.
2020年的头几个月，致命的新冠病毒疾病在全球迅速蔓延。作为应对措施，各国和各地区政府实施了一系列紧急封锁措施，限制公民行动，并极大地限制了经济活动。最近，随着限制开始放松或完全解除，所谓的接触者追踪应用程序在许多司法管辖区重新开放社会的计划中占据了显著地位。批评者在实际和伦理等多个方面对这类技术的效用提出了质疑。然而，对于应用程序开发者的规范性设计选择以及由此产生的产品可能如何促进伦理反思和更广泛的政治辩论，却很少有人提及。本文借鉴批判性设计和人机交互领域的学术成果，研究了一款名为Zwaai（荷兰语意为“挥手”）的基于二维码的追踪应用程序的开发情况，其设计者明确将该应用程序定位为主要基于蓝牙和全球定位系统方法的替代方案。通过分析这些设计者的选择，本文认为二维码基础设施能够揭示一系列[此处原文缺失相关内容]，这里讨论其中两个[此处原文缺失相关内容]，而像蓝牙这样更“无缝”的协议则积极试图绕过这些[此处原文缺失相关内容]，并且这些[此处原文缺失相关内容]可能会被现有的伦理框架忽视。
