Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A.
Conserv Biol. 2020 Dec;34(6):1571-1578. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13584. Epub 2020 Oct 8.
Large marine protected areas (MPAs) of unprecedented size have recently been established across the global oceans, yet their ability to meet conservation objectives is debated. Key areas of debate include uncertainty over nations' abilities to enforce fishing bans across vast, remote regions and the intensity of human impacts before and after MPA implementation. We used a recently developed vessel tracking data set (produced using Automatic Identification System detections) to quantify the response of industrial fishing fleets to 5 of the largest MPAs established in the Pacific Ocean since 2013. After their implementation, all 5 MPAs successfully kept industrial fishing effort exceptionally low. Detected fishing effort was already low in 4 of the 5 large MPAs prior to MPA implementation, particularly relative to nearby regions that did not receive formal protection. Our results suggest that these large MPAs may present major conservation opportunities in relatively intact ecosystems with low immediate impact to industrial fisheries, but the large MPAs we considered often did not significantly reduce fishing effort because baseline fishing was typically low. It is yet to be determined how large MPAs may shape global ocean conservation in the future if the footprint of human influence continues to expand. Continued improvement in understanding of how large MPAs interact with industrial fisheries is a crucial step toward defining their role in global ocean management.
近年来，全球海洋中设立了前所未有的大型海洋保护区（MPA），但其实现保护目标的能力仍存在争议。主要的争议领域包括各国在广阔、偏远地区执行渔业禁令的能力存在不确定性，以及在 MPA 实施前后人类活动的强度。我们使用了最近开发的船只跟踪数据集（使用自动识别系统检测生成），来量化工业捕鱼船队对太平洋自 2013 年以来设立的 5 个最大 MPA 的响应。在实施后，所有 5 个 MPA 都成功地将工业捕鱼活动保持在极低的水平。在 5 个大型 MPA 中的 4 个中，实施 MPA 之前就已经检测到捕鱼活动很低，特别是与没有正式保护的附近地区相比。我们的研究结果表明，在相对完整的生态系统中，这些大型 MPA 可能会带来重大的保护机会，对工业渔业的直接影响较小，但我们所考虑的大型 MPA 通常并没有显著减少捕鱼活动，因为基线捕鱼通常较低。如果人类影响的范围继续扩大，未来大型 MPA 将如何塑造全球海洋保护，还有待确定。继续提高对大型 MPA 如何与工业渔业相互作用的理解，是明确其在全球海洋管理中的作用的关键一步。
