Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2021 Jan 1;519:111043. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111043. Epub 2020 Oct 12.
The adrenal cortex functions to produce steroid hormones necessary for life. To maintain its functional capacity throughout life, the adrenal cortex must be continually replenished and rapidly repaired following injury. Moreover, the adrenal responds to endocrine-mediated organismal needs, which are highly dynamic and necessitate a precise steroidogenic response. To meet these diverse needs, the adrenal employs multiple cell populations with stem cell function. Here, we discuss the literature on adrenocortical stem cells using hematopoietic stem cells as a benchmark to examine the functional capacity of particular cell populations, including those located in the capsule and peripheral cortex. These populations are coordinately regulated by paracrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms, and display remarkable plasticity to adapt to different physiological and pathological conditions. Some populations also exhibit sex-specific activity, which contributes to highly divergent proliferation rates between sexes. Understanding mechanisms that govern adrenocortical renewal has broad implications for both regenerative medicine and cancer.
肾上腺皮质的功能是产生生命所必需的类固醇激素。为了维持其一生的功能能力，肾上腺皮质必须在持续补充的同时，在受伤后迅速修复。此外，肾上腺还会对内分泌介导的机体需求做出反应，这些需求是高度动态的，需要精确的甾体生成反应。为了满足这些不同的需求，肾上腺使用了具有干细胞功能的多种细胞群体。在这里，我们使用造血干细胞作为基准来讨论关于肾上腺干细胞的文献，以检查特定细胞群体的功能能力，包括位于包膜和外周皮质中的细胞群体。这些群体受到旁分泌和内分泌信号机制的协调调节，并表现出显著的可塑性，以适应不同的生理和病理条件。一些群体还表现出性别特异性活性，这导致两性之间的增殖率存在显著差异。了解控制肾上腺皮质更新的机制对再生医学和癌症都具有广泛的意义。
