Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2020 Oct 16;15(10):e0240962. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240962. eCollection 2020.
Due to the COVID- 19 outbreak in the Netherlands (March 2020) and the associated social distancing measures, families were enforced to stay at home as much as possible. Adolescents and their families may be particularly affected by this enforced proximity, as adolescents strive to become more independent. Yet, whether these measures impact emotional well-being in families with adolescents has not been examined. In this ecological momentary assessment study, we investigated if the COVID-19 pandemic affected positive and negative affect of parents and adolescents and parenting behaviors (warmth and criticism). Additionally, we examined possible explanations for the hypothesized changes in affect and parenting. To do so, we compared daily reports on affect and parenting that were gathered during two periods of 14 consecutive days, once before the COVID-19 pandemic (2018-2019) and once during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multilevel analyses showed that only parents' negative affect increased as compared to the period before the pandemic, whereas this was not the case for adolescents' negative affect, positive affect and parenting behaviors (from both the adolescent and parent perspective). In general, intolerance of uncertainty was linked to adolescents' and parents' negative affect and adolescents' positive affect. However, Intolerance of uncertainty, nor any pandemic related characteristics (i.e. living surface, income, relatives with COVID-19, hours of working at home, helping children with school and contact with COVID-19 patients at work) were linked to the increase of parents' negative affect during COVID-19. It can be concluded that on average, our sample (consisting of relatively healthy parents and adolescents) seems to deal fairly well with the circumstances. The substantial heterogeneity in the data however, also suggest that whether or not parents and adolescents experience (emotional) problems can vary from household to household. Implications for researchers, mental health care professionals and policy makers are discussed.
由于 2020 年 3 月荷兰爆发的 COVID-19 疫情以及随之而来的社交距离措施，许多家庭被迫尽可能长时间待在家中。青少年及其家庭可能会受到这种强制性亲近的特别影响，因为青少年努力变得更加独立。然而，这些措施是否会影响有青少年的家庭的情绪健康尚待研究。在这项生态瞬间评估研究中，我们研究了 COVID-19 大流行是否影响了父母和青少年的积极和消极情绪以及育儿行为（温暖和批评）。此外，我们还研究了影响情绪和育儿行为变化的可能原因。为此，我们比较了在 COVID-19 大流行之前（2018-2019 年）和大流行期间两个 14 天连续期间收集的关于情绪和育儿的日常报告。多层次分析表明，只有父母的负面情绪与大流行前相比有所增加，而青少年的负面情绪、积极情绪和育儿行为（从青少年和父母的角度来看）则没有这种情况。一般来说，对不确定性的容忍度与青少年和父母的负面情绪以及青少年的积极情绪有关。然而，对不确定性的容忍度，以及与大流行相关的任何特征（即居住面积、收入、有 COVID-19 的亲属、在家工作的时间、帮助孩子上学以及在工作中接触 COVID-19 患者）均与 COVID-19 期间父母负面情绪的增加无关。可以得出结论，平均而言，我们的样本（由相对健康的父母和青少年组成）似乎应对得相当好。但是，数据中的实质性异质性也表明，父母和青少年是否经历（情绪）问题可能因家庭而异。讨论了对研究人员、心理健康护理专业人员和政策制定者的影响。
