a Department of Psychology , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY , USA.
b Department of Psychology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA.
Anxiety Stress Coping. 2018 May;31(3):245-261. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1442615. Epub 2018 Feb 22.
The dominant perspective in society is that stress has negative consequences, and not surprisingly, the vast majority of interventions for coping with stress focus on reducing the frequency or severity of stressors. However, the effectiveness of stress attenuation is limited because it is often not possible to avoid stressors, and avoiding or minimizing stress can lead individuals to miss opportunities for performance and growth. Thus, during stressful situations, a more efficacious approach is to optimize stress responses (i.e., promote adaptive, approach-motivated responses). Objectives and Conclusions: In this review, we demonstrate how stress appraisals (e.g., [Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Mind over matter: reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(3), 417-422. doi: 10.1037/a0025719 ]) and stress mindsets (e.g., [Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 716-733. doi: 10.1037/a0031201 ]) can be used as regulatory tools to optimize stress responses, facilitate performance, and promote active coping. Respectively, these interventions invite individuals to (a) perceive stress responses as functional and adaptive, and (b) see the opportunity inherent in stress. We then propose a novel integration of reappraisal and mindset models to maximize the utility and effectiveness of stress optimization. Additionally, we discuss future directions with regard to how stress responses unfold over time and between people to impact outcomes in the domains of education, organizations, and clinical science.
社会的主导观点认为压力有负面后果，毫不奇怪，绝大多数应对压力的干预措施都集中在减少压力源的频率或严重程度上。然而，减轻压力的效果是有限的，因为通常不可能避免压力源，而且避免或最小化压力会导致个人错过表现和成长的机会。因此，在压力情况下，更有效的方法是优化压力反应（即，促进适应性、趋近动机的反应）。目的和结论：在这篇综述中，我们展示了压力评估（例如，[Jamieson，JP，Nock，MK，和 Mendes，WB（2012）。心态影响生理：重新评估唤醒可改善压力下的心血管和认知反应。实验心理学杂志：综合，141（3），417-422。doi：10.1037/a0025719]）和压力心态（例如，[Crum，AJ，Salovey，P，和 Achor，S（2013）。重新思考压力：心态在决定压力反应中的作用。人格与社会心理学杂志，104（4），716-733。doi：10.1037/a0031201]）可以作为调节工具来优化压力反应，促进表现，并促进积极应对。分别来说，这些干预措施邀请个人（a）将压力反应视为功能和适应性的，（b）看到压力中固有的机会。然后，我们提出了一种重新评估和心态模型的新整合，以最大限度地提高压力优化的效用和效果。此外，我们还讨论了关于压力反应如何随时间和个体差异展开，以影响教育、组织和临床科学领域的结果的未来方向。
