Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021 Feb;6(2):225-237. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.005. Epub 2020 Aug 18.
Adolescence is a critical yet vulnerable period for developing behaviors important for mental well-being. The existing literature suggests that physical activity (PA), exercise, and aerobic fitness promote well-being and reduce risk of mental health problems. In this review, we focus on PA, exercise, and fitness as modifiable resilience factors that may help promote self-regulation via strengthening of top-down control of bottom-up processes in the brain, thereby acting as a buffer against mental health problems during this period of vulnerability. First, we briefly review the link between PA, exercise, and aerobic fitness with mental well-being and reduced mental health problems in adolescence. Then we present how impairments in self-regulation, which involves top-down control to modulate bottom-up processes, are common across a wide range of mental health disorders. Finally, we use the extant neuroimaging literature to highlight how neural systems underlying top-down control continue to develop across adolescence, and propose that PA, exercise, and aerobic fitness may facilitate resilience through strengthening individual brain regions as well as large-scale neural circuits to improve emotional and behavioral regulation. Future neuroimaging studies assessing the effects of PA, exercise, and aerobic fitness at various developmental stages in each sex and studies considering the characteristics (e.g., frequency, intensity, type) and social context of PA and exercise are vital to better understand both macro- and microscale mechanisms by which these behaviors and attributes may facilitate mental health resilience during adolescent development.
青春期是发展对心理健康至关重要的行为的关键但脆弱时期。现有文献表明，身体活动（PA）、锻炼和有氧运动能力可促进幸福感并降低心理健康问题的风险。在这篇综述中，我们专注于 PA、锻炼和健康作为可改变的适应力因素，这些因素可能有助于通过增强大脑中自上而下控制自下而上过程的能力来促进自我调节，从而在这段脆弱时期起到缓冲心理健康问题的作用。首先，我们简要回顾一下 PA、锻炼和有氧运动能力与青少年时期的心理健康和减少心理健康问题之间的联系。然后，我们介绍了自我调节受损的情况，这涉及到自上而下的控制来调节自下而上的过程，这种情况在广泛的心理健康障碍中都很常见。最后，我们利用现有的神经影像学文献来强调涉及自上而下控制的神经系统在整个青春期是如何继续发展的，并提出 PA、锻炼和有氧运动能力可以通过增强个体大脑区域以及大规模神经回路来改善情绪和行为调节，从而促进适应力。未来的神经影像学研究评估在每个性别不同发育阶段的 PA、锻炼和有氧运动能力的效果，并考虑 PA 和锻炼的特征（例如，频率、强度、类型）和社会环境，对于更好地理解这些行为和特征可能促进青少年发展期间心理健康适应力的宏观和微观机制至关重要。
