Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Mar 1;267:113476. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113476. Epub 2020 Oct 16.
Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley (syn. Rhus verniciflua or vernicifera Stokes, Anacardiaceae) (RVS), the lacquer tree, also known as sumac, has been used in China, Japan and South Korea for thousands of years as a highly durable coating material and a traditional herbal medicine, which contains medicinal ingredients with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-rheumatic activities.
This review intends to provide a comprehensive and critical appraisal of RVS, including its phytochemical data, botanical and pharmacological literature that support its therapeutic potential in treatment on human diseases, with emphasis on the isolation of natural occurring compounds and detailed pharmacological investigations.
Specific information of RVS was collected by using the key words "Toxicodendron vernicifluum", "Rhus verniciflua Stokes", "Rhus vernicifera Stokes" and "Lacquer tree" through published scientific materials (including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, ACS, CNKI, Scifinder, Springer, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar) and other literature sources.
The major phytoconstituents, 175 of which are presented in this review, including flavonoids, urushiols, terpenes, phenolic acids and other types of compounds, of which flavonoids and urushiols are main components. The extracts and isolates purified from RVS showed a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, tyrosinase inhibition and so on.
The modern pharmacological research of RVS mainly focus on the pharmacological effects of crude extract or active constituents, of which the flavonoids are widely studied. However, there are few reports on the relationship between pharmacological effects and their structures. And at present, there is still a lack of researches that are of both effective and in-depth. Meanwhile, there is little research on quality control. Apart from the wood and lacquer, other botanical parts also need to be explored further. In addition to phenolic compounds, the study on other types of components in T. vernicifluum would start more sparks for the discovery of new bioactive principles.
漆树（Toxicodendron vernicifluum（Stokes）F.A. Barkley）（同义词 Rhus verniciflua 或 vernicifera Stokes，漆树科），又称漆树，在中国、日本和韩国已有数千年的历史，一直被用作高度耐用的涂料材料和传统草药，其药用成分具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗病毒和抗风湿活性。
本综述旨在全面、批判性地评价漆树，包括其植物化学数据、植物学和药理学文献，以支持其在人类疾病治疗方面的治疗潜力，重点是天然存在化合物的分离和详细的药理学研究。
通过使用关键词“漆树”、“漆树”、“漆树”和“漆树”，通过已发表的科学文献（包括 PubMed、ScienceDirect、Wiley、ACS、CNKI、Scifinder、Springer、Web of Science、Google Scholar 和百度学者）和其他文献来源，收集了漆树的具体信息。
本文共介绍了漆树的 175 种主要植物化学成分，包括黄酮类、漆酚、萜类、酚酸和其他类型的化合物，其中黄酮类和漆酚是主要成分。从漆树中提取和分离出的提取物和分离物在体外和体内表现出广泛的药理作用，如抗癌、抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、酪氨酸酶抑制等。
漆树的现代药理学研究主要集中在粗提取物或活性成分的药理作用上，其中黄酮类化合物的研究较为广泛。然而，关于药理作用与其结构之间的关系的报道较少。而且目前，有效而深入的研究仍然缺乏。同时，质量控制研究也很少。除了木材和生漆外，其他植物部分也需要进一步探索。除了酚类化合物外，对漆树其他类型成分的研究也将为发现新的生物活性原则提供更多的火花。
