Jain Sahil, Khaiboullina Svetlana F, Baranwal Manoj
Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
Pathogens. 2020 Oct 17;9(10):850. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100850.
Ebolaviruses, discovered in 1976, belongs to the family, which also includes Marburg and Lloviu viruses. They are negative-stranded RNA viruses with six known species identified to date. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of species and can cause the Ebola virus disease (EVD), an emerging zoonotic disease that results in homeostatic imbalance and multi-organ failure. There are three EBOV outbreaks documented in the last six years resulting in significant morbidity (> 32,000 cases) and mortality (> 13,500 deaths). The potential factors contributing to the high infectivity of this virus include multiple entry mechanisms, susceptibility of the host cells, employment of multiple immune evasion mechanisms and rapid person-to-person transmission. EBOV infection leads to cytokine storm, disseminated intravascular coagulation, host T cell apoptosis as well as cell mediated and humoral immune response. In this review, a concise recap of cell types targeted by EBOV and EVD symptoms followed by detailed run-through of host innate and adaptive immune responses, virus-driven regulation and their combined effects contributing to the disease pathogenesis has been presented. At last, the vaccine and drug development initiatives as well as challenges related to the management of infection have been discussed.
埃博拉病毒于1976年被发现，属于该病毒家族，该家族还包括马尔堡病毒和洛维乌病毒。它们是负链RNA病毒，迄今已鉴定出六个已知物种。埃博拉病毒（EBOV）是该物种的成员，可引起埃博拉病毒病（EVD），这是一种新出现的人畜共患病，可导致体内稳态失衡和多器官衰竭。在过去六年中记录了三次埃博拉病毒疫情，导致大量发病（>32000例）和死亡（>13500人死亡）。导致这种病毒高传染性的潜在因素包括多种进入机制、宿主细胞的易感性、多种免疫逃避机制的运用以及快速的人际传播。埃博拉病毒感染会导致细胞因子风暴、弥散性血管内凝血、宿主T细胞凋亡以及细胞介导和体液免疫反应。在这篇综述中，简要回顾了埃博拉病毒靶向的细胞类型和埃博拉病毒病症状，随后详细阐述了宿主固有免疫和适应性免疫反应、病毒驱动的调节及其对疾病发病机制的综合影响。最后，讨论了疫苗和药物开发计划以及与感染管理相关的挑战。
