Raccach M
Division of Agriculture, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Crit Rev Microbiol. 1987;14(4):291-309. doi: 10.3109/10408418709104442.
Nomenclature changes of pediococci postdate the publication of Bergey's Manual. Pediococci possess both a "group" and a "type" antigen. They are gram positive, asporogenous, nonmotile, generally catalase negative, but may possess catalase-like activity. The pediococci may have either a cytochrome or a flavoprotein enzyme system. Anaerobically they are homofermentative using the PEP:PTS and the EMP pathway. Catalase positive strains utilize glucose aerobically and anaerobically while lactose and glycerol are only used aerobically. Some pentoses are fermented to lactate and acetate. Absolute requirement for folinic acid and nearly all amino acids is observed. Pediococci grow luxuriously in All Purpose Tween (APT) broth and are isolated on Rogosa SL agar. Detection can be done by electrical impedance and fluorescent antibody techniques. The Arrhenius concept was utilized in selecting metabolically efficient strains. Antibiotics, antioxidants, some chloride salts and some spices are detrimental to the pediococci. On the other hand, some chloride salts, manganese, and some spices are stimulant. Dialysis-fermentation and immobilization of pediococcal cells were recorded. Some strains decarboxylate histidine to histamine. The resting cell metabolism and the production of bacteriocin have been utilized in antibiosis. An intra and intergeneric genetic transfer system of plasmids from pediococci was by a conjugation-like mechanism. Formation of bacteriocin and fermentation of carbohydrates were linked to plasmids. Lytic bacteriophages to pediococci have not yet been identified. Industrial cultures are mainly frozen concentrates. Linear equations were developed to model the fermentative activity of pediococci and the effects of environmental factors.
片球菌的命名变化发生在《伯杰氏手册》出版之后。片球菌具有“群”抗原和“型”抗原。它们革兰氏阳性，不产芽孢，无运动性，通常过氧化氢酶阴性，但可能具有类似过氧化氢酶的活性。片球菌可能具有细胞色素或黄素蛋白酶系统。在厌氧条件下，它们通过磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸：磷酸转移酶系统（PEP:PTS）和糖酵解途径（EMP）进行同型发酵。过氧化氢酶阳性菌株在有氧和无氧条件下都利用葡萄糖，而乳糖和甘油仅在有氧条件下使用。一些戊糖发酵生成乳酸和乙酸。观察到对亚叶酸和几乎所有氨基酸的绝对需求。片球菌在通用吐温（APT）肉汤中生长旺盛，并在罗戈萨SL琼脂上分离。可通过电阻抗和荧光抗体技术进行检测。在选择代谢高效菌株时采用了阿伦尼乌斯概念。抗生素、抗氧化剂、一些氯化物盐和一些香料对片球菌有害。另一方面，一些氯化物盐、锰和一些香料具有刺激作用。记录了片球菌细胞的透析发酵和固定化。一些菌株将组氨酸脱羧生成组胺。静止细胞代谢和细菌素的产生已用于抗菌作用。片球菌质粒的种内和种间遗传转移系统是通过类似接合的机制进行的。细菌素的形成和碳水化合物的发酵与质粒有关。尚未鉴定出针对片球菌的裂解性噬菌体。工业培养物主要是冷冻浓缩物。建立了线性方程来模拟片球菌的发酵活性以及环境因素的影响。
