Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
Am J Hum Biol. 2021 Nov;33(6):e23526. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23526. Epub 2020 Oct 21.
The specificity of training principle holds that adaptations to exercise training closely match capacity to the specific demands of the stimulus. Improvements in endurance sport performance gained through strength training are a notable exception to this principle. While the proximate mechanisms for how strength training produces muscular adaptations beneficial to endurance sports are increasingly well understood, the ultimate causes of this phenomenon remain unexplored.
Using a holistic approach tying together exercise physiology and evolution, I argue that we can reconcile the apparent "endurance training specificity paradox."
Competing selective pressures, inherited mammalian biology, and millennia of living in energy-scarce environments constrained our evolution as endurance athletes, but also imparted high muscular plasticity which can be exploited to improve endurance performance beyond what was useful in our evolutionary past.
训练原则的特异性认为，对运动训练的适应与刺激的特定需求密切匹配。力量训练对耐力运动表现的提高就是该原则的一个显著例外。虽然我们越来越了解力量训练产生有益于耐力运动的肌肉适应性的近似机制，但这一现象的根本原因仍未得到探索。
使用综合生理学和进化的方法，我认为我们可以调和明显的“耐力训练特异性悖论”。
竞争的选择压力、哺乳动物的遗传生物学以及数千年生活在能源匮乏环境中的经历限制了我们作为耐力运动员的进化，但也赋予了高度的肌肉可塑性，这种可塑性可以被利用来提高耐力表现，超越我们在进化过程中有用的程度。
