Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
Clin Oral Investig. 2020 Dec;24(12):4237-4260. doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03646-1. Epub 2020 Oct 27.
All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as well as for restorative or prosthetic materials; the adherent bacterial biofilm is associated among others with the development of caries, periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, or denture-associated stomatitis. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for novel materials and coatings that limit and modulate bacterial attachment and/or propagation of microorganisms.
The present paper depicts the current knowledge on the impact of different physicochemical surface characteristics on bioadsorption in the oral cavity. Furthermore, it was carved out which strategies were developed in dental research and general surface science to inhibit bacterial colonization and to delay biofilm formation by low-fouling or "easy-to-clean" surfaces. These include the modulation of physicochemical properties such as periodic topographies, roughness, surface free energy, or hardness. In recent years, a large emphasis was laid on micro- and nanostructured surfaces and on liquid repellent superhydrophic as well as superhydrophilic interfaces. Materials incorporating mobile or bound nanoparticles promoting bacteriostatic or bacteriotoxic properties were also used. Recently, chemically textured interfaces gained increasing interest and could represent promising solutions for innovative antibioadhesion interfaces. Due to the unique conditions in the oral cavity, mainly in vivo or in situ studies were considered in the review.
Despite many promising approaches for modulation of biofilm formation in the oral cavity, the ubiquitous phenomenon of bioadsorption and adhesion pellicle formation in the challenging oral milieu masks surface properties and therewith hampers low-fouling strategies.
Improved dental materials and surface coatings with easy-to-clean properties have the potential to improve oral health, but extensive and systematic research is required in this field to develop biocompatible and effective substances.
口腔中的所有软、硬表面结构都被获得性黏膜覆盖，随后发生细菌定植。这适用于天然结构以及修复或义齿材料；附着的细菌生物膜与龋齿、牙周病、种植体周围炎或义齿相关性口炎的发展有关。因此，人们对限制和调节细菌附着和/或微生物繁殖的新型材料和涂层有相当大的需求。
本文描述了不同理化表面特性对口腔中生物吸附的影响的现有知识。此外，还阐述了牙科研究和一般表面科学中为抑制细菌定植和通过低污染或“易清洁”表面延迟生物膜形成而开发的策略。这些策略包括调制物理化学性质，如周期性形貌、粗糙度、表面自由能或硬度。近年来，人们非常重视微纳结构表面以及疏液性超亲水和超亲水性界面。还使用了含有促进抑菌或杀菌特性的可移动或结合纳米颗粒的材料。最近，化学纹理化界面引起了越来越多的关注，并可能成为创新抗生物附着界面的有前途的解决方案。由于口腔内的独特条件，主要考虑了体内或原位研究。
尽管有许多有前途的方法可用于调节口腔中的生物膜形成，但在具有挑战性的口腔环境中生物吸附和黏附黏膜形成的普遍现象掩盖了表面特性，并阻碍了低污染策略的实施。
具有易清洁特性的改良牙科材料和表面涂层有可能改善口腔健康，但在该领域需要进行广泛和系统的研究，以开发出具有生物相容性和有效性的物质。
