Harman Rebecca M, Das Sanjna P, Bartlett Arianna P, Rauner Gat, Donahue Leanne R, Van de Walle Gerlinde R
Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2021 Mar;40(1):47-69. doi: 10.1007/s10555-020-09930-6. Epub 2020 Oct 28.
Traditional laboratory model organisms are indispensable for cancer research and have provided insight into numerous mechanisms that contribute to cancer development and progression in humans. However, these models do have some limitations, most notably related to successful drug translation, because traditional model organisms are often short-lived, small-bodied, genetically homogeneous, often immunocompromised, are not exposed to natural environments shared with humans, and usually do not develop cancer spontaneously. We propose that assimilating information from a variety of long-lived, large, genetically diverse, and immunocompetent species that live in natural environments and do develop cancer spontaneously (or do not develop cancer at all) will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of human cancers. These non-traditional model organisms can also serve as sentinels for environmental risk factors that contribute to human cancers. Ultimately, expanding the range of animal models that can be used to study cancer will lead to improved insights into cancer development, progression and metastasis, tumor microenvironment, as well as improved therapies and diagnostics, and will consequently reduce the negative impacts of the wide variety of cancers afflicting humans overall.
传统的实验室模式生物对于癌症研究不可或缺，并为深入了解众多导致人类癌症发生和发展的机制提供了帮助。然而，这些模式确实存在一些局限性，最显著的是与药物成功转化相关的局限性，因为传统模式生物往往寿命短、体型小、基因同质化、常处于免疫缺陷状态、未接触与人类共享的自然环境，且通常不会自发患癌。我们认为，整合来自各种长寿、体型大、基因多样且具有免疫能力的物种的信息，这些物种生活在自然环境中且会自发患癌（或根本不患癌），将有助于更全面地了解人类癌症。这些非传统模式生物还可作为导致人类癌症的环境风险因素的哨兵。最终，扩大可用于研究癌症的动物模型范围，将有助于更深入地了解癌症的发生、发展和转移、肿瘤微环境，以及改进治疗方法和诊断手段，从而减少各种癌症对人类造成的总体负面影响。
