Zamani Masoud, Shakhssalim Nasser, Ramakrishna Seeram, Naji Mohammad
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY, United States.
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Oct 7;8:579925. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.579925. eCollection 2020.
Functional disorders and injuries of urinary bladder, urethra, and ureter may necessitate the application of urologic reconstructive surgeries to recover normal urine passage, prevent progressive damages of these organs and upstream structures, and improve the quality of life of patients. Reconstructive surgeries are generally very invasive procedures that utilize autologous tissues. In addition to imperfect functional outcomes, these procedures are associated with significant complications owing to long-term contact of urine with unspecific tissues, donor site morbidity, and lack of sufficient tissue for vast reconstructions. Thanks to the extensive advancements in tissue engineering strategies, reconstruction of the diseased urologic organs through tissue engineering have provided promising vistas during the last two decades. Several biomaterials and fabrication methods have been utilized for reconstruction of the urinary tract in animal models and human subjects; however, limited success has been reported, which inspires the application of new methods and biomaterials. Electrospinning is the primary method for the production of nanofibers from a broad array of natural and synthetic biomaterials. The biomimetic structure of electrospun scaffolds provides an ECM-like matrix that can modulate cells' function. In addition, electrospinning is a versatile technique for the incorporation of drugs, biomolecules, and living cells into the constructed scaffolds. This method can also be integrated with other fabrication procedures to achieve hybrid smart constructs with improved performance. Herein, we reviewed the application and outcomes of electrospun scaffolds in tissue engineering of bladder, urethra, and ureter. First, we presented the current status of tissue engineering in each organ, then reviewed electrospun scaffolds from the simplest to the most intricate designs, and summarized the outcomes of preclinical (animal) studies in this area.
膀胱、尿道和输尿管的功能障碍与损伤可能需要进行泌尿外科重建手术，以恢复正常排尿，防止这些器官及上游结构的渐进性损害，并提高患者的生活质量。重建手术通常是利用自体组织的侵入性很强的手术。除了功能效果不理想外，由于尿液与非特异性组织的长期接触、供体部位的发病率以及缺乏足够的组织进行大面积重建，这些手术还会引发严重的并发症。得益于组织工程策略的广泛进步，在过去二十年中，通过组织工程对患病泌尿外科器官进行重建已展现出广阔前景。几种生物材料和制造方法已被用于动物模型和人体的尿路重建；然而，所报道的成功案例有限，这促使人们应用新的方法和生物材料。静电纺丝是从多种天然和合成生物材料生产纳米纤维的主要方法。静电纺丝支架的仿生结构提供了一种类似细胞外基质的基质，可调节细胞功能。此外，静电纺丝是一种将药物、生物分子和活细胞纳入构建支架的通用技术。该方法还可与其他制造工艺相结合，以实现性能更优的混合智能构建体。在此，我们综述了静电纺丝支架在膀胱、尿道和输尿管组织工程中的应用及成果。首先，我们介绍了每个器官组织工程的现状，然后从最简单到最复杂的设计回顾了静电纺丝支架，并总结了该领域临床前（动物）研究的成果。
