Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Mol Autism. 2020 Oct 30;11(1):86. doi: 10.1186/s13229-020-00389-4.
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies in autism spectrum disorder (autism) have yielded diverging results. This might partly be attributed to structural alterations being associating with the combined influence of several regions rather than with a single region. Further, these structural covariation differences may relate to continuous measures of autism rather than with categorical case-control contrasts. The current study aimed to identify structural covariation alterations in autism, and assessed canonical correlations between brain covariation patterns and core autism symptoms.
We studied 347 individuals with autism and 252 typically developing individuals, aged between 6 and 30 years, who have been deeply phenotyped in the Longitudinal European Autism Project. All participants' VBM maps were decomposed into spatially independent components using independent component analysis. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used to examine case-control differences. Next, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was performed to separately explore the integrated effects between all the brain sources of gray matter variation and two sets of core autism symptoms.
GLM analyses showed significant case-control differences for two independent components. The first component was primarily associated with decreased density of bilateral insula, inferior frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, and increased density of caudate nucleus in the autism group relative to typically developing individuals. The second component was related to decreased densities of the bilateral amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus in the autism group relative to typically developing individuals. The CCA results showed significant correlations between components that involved variation of thalamus, putamen, precentral gyrus, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes, and the cerebellum, and repetitive, rigid and stereotyped behaviors and abnormal sensory behaviors in autism individuals.
Only 55.9% of the participants with autism had complete questionnaire data on continuous parent-reported symptom measures.
Covaried areas associated with autism diagnosis and/or symptoms are scattered across the whole brain and include the limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, precentral gyrus, and parts of the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Some of these areas potentially subserve social-communicative behavior, whereas others may underpin sensory processing and integration, and motor behavior.
在自闭症谱系障碍（自闭症）中，体素形态计量学（VBM）研究得出了不同的结果。这可能部分归因于结构改变与几个区域的综合影响有关，而不是与单个区域有关。此外，这些结构协变差异可能与自闭症的连续测量有关，而不是与分类病例对照对比有关。本研究旨在确定自闭症中的结构协变改变，并评估大脑协变模式与核心自闭症症状之间的典型相关性。
我们研究了 347 名自闭症患者和 252 名年龄在 6 至 30 岁之间的典型发育个体，他们在纵向欧洲自闭症项目中进行了深入的表型分析。使用独立成分分析将所有参与者的 VBM 图谱分解为空间独立成分。广义线性模型（GLM）用于检查病例对照差异。接下来，进行典型相关分析（CCA），分别探索所有灰质变化的大脑源与两组核心自闭症症状之间的综合影响。
GLM 分析显示两个独立成分存在显著的病例对照差异。第一个成分主要与自闭症组双侧岛叶、额下回、眶额皮质和尾状核密度增加有关，而与典型发育个体相比，密度降低。第二个成分与自闭症组双侧杏仁核、海马体和海马旁回密度降低有关。CCA 结果显示，涉及丘脑、壳核、中央前回、额叶、顶叶和枕叶以及小脑的变化的成分之间存在显著相关性，以及自闭症个体的重复、刻板和刻板行为和异常感觉行为。
只有 55.9%的自闭症患者有完整的问卷数据，用于连续的家长报告症状测量。
与自闭症诊断和/或症状相关的协变区域分布在整个大脑中，包括边缘系统、基底节、丘脑、小脑、中央前回以及额叶、顶叶和枕叶的部分区域。其中一些区域可能与社交沟通行为有关，而另一些区域可能与感觉处理和整合以及运动行为有关。
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