Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales, Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador.
Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Apr 1;763:142956. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142956. Epub 2020 Oct 14.
Although pesticides are frequently used for agriculture in the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), there are, to date, no investigations of pesticide occurrences in its coastal waters. We examined the presence of pesticide residues in the coastal waters of urban areas in two islands of the Galapagos archipelago using a repeated sampling design. Quantification was performed by solid-phase extraction, followed by chemical analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The diversity and concentration of pesticide residues in Santa Cruz island were higher compared to Isabela island. In total, sixteen pesticides were detected, including three persistent organic pollutants. Carbendazim (23.93 μg·L), cadusafos (4.74 μg·L), DDT (2.99 μg·L), diuron (1.61 μg·L) and aldrin (1.55 μg·L) were detected with the highest concentrations between samples. Repetitions in locations show that concentrations of pesticide residues varied considerably in space and time. Comparison with local products indicated agricultural activities on the islands as a possible source. Furthermore, evaluation through ecological risk quotients showed that the observed concentration levels of seven pesticides pose a relatively high risk for three biotic groups (i.e. algae, invertebrates and fishes). Taken together, this study provides insights into the need to regulate, monitor and assess the presence of pesticides in the islands. At a global scale, this study is moreover valuable for the many islands that are facing the same challenges.
尽管加拉帕戈斯群岛（厄瓜多尔）经常在农业中使用农药，但迄今为止，尚未对其沿海水域中的农药情况进行调查。我们使用重复采样设计，检查了加拉帕戈斯群岛两个岛屿的城区沿海水域中农药残留的存在情况。通过固相萃取进行定量，然后使用液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）进行化学分析。与伊莎贝拉岛相比，圣克鲁斯岛的农药残留多样性和浓度更高。总共有 16 种农药被检出，包括三种持久性有机污染物。检测到的最高浓度在样本之间的苯菌灵（23.93μg·L）、毒死蜱（4.74μg·L）、DDT（2.99μg·L）、西玛津（1.61μg·L）和艾氏剂（1.55μg·L）。地点的重复表明，农药残留的浓度在空间和时间上变化很大。与当地产品的比较表明，岛上的农业活动可能是这些农药的来源之一。此外，通过生态风险商数评估表明，观察到的七种农药的浓度水平对三个生物类群（藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类）构成相对较高的风险。总的来说，这项研究表明有必要对岛屿上的农药进行监管、监测和评估。在全球范围内，这项研究对于许多面临同样挑战的岛屿来说也是有价值的。
